“Nós entregaremos nossas vidas, mas não nossas terras”
o açambarcamento de terras para infraestrutura energética e as lutas contra a despossessão na Índia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5380/dma.v66i.94374Palavras-chave:
transição energética justa, conflito fundiário, desapropriação, resistência, governança energéticaResumo
Este artigo discute a contradição entre a curva ascendente da demanda de eletricidade e o declínio da disponibilidade de terrenos para a construção de projetos de infraestrutura energética na Índia. Os empreiteiros do ramo de energia investem maciçamente na construção de novas centrais elétricas e linhas de transmissão, mas os procedimentos de aquisição de terras têm enfrentado a oposição dos camponeses e dado lugar a um aumento dos litígios judiciais. Com base no portal de dados Land Conflict Watch, procedi a uma análise comparativa de 67 conflitos fundiários no sector da energia e apresentei uma definição conceitual de energy-enclosures que exprime o carácter multifacetado das lutas contra a expropriação. Devido à reação de milhões de camponeses e ao surgimento das “guerras pela terra” em resposta à apropriação de terras para projetos de infraestrutura públicos e privados, o Governo da Índia promulgou legislações mais “humanas, transparentes e participativas” (2006, 2008, 2013) que proporcionam uma janela de oportunidades para uma governança energética mais inclusiva. No entanto, as análises das reivindicações dos agricultores, das estratégias de negociação e do repertório de protestos indicam que a aquisição de terras está longe de cumprir os critérios procedimentais, restaurativos e redistributivos de uma transição energética justa. Os resultados indicam que as comunidades afetadas estão mais conscientes de que o apelo aos tribunais pode aumentar o montante da indenização e proporcionar alguma garantia contra o assédio e outras violações dos direitos humanos. No entanto, mostram também que os magistrados parecem ainda raciocinar de acordo com as leis anteriores a 2013, partilhando a mentalidade desenvolvimentista de políticos e empreiteiros, e raramente decidindo a favor das vítimas dos cercamentos para infraestrutura energética.
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