PEACEBUILDING AND THE HYBRID PEACE: A PERSPECTIVE ON AFGHANISTAN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5380/cg.v7i2.61342Abstract
This paper aims to examine the concepts of peacebuilding and hybrid peace. Its objective is to analyze, in a critical manner, the peacebuilding process developed by the United Nations (UN) in order to understand why peacebuilding is portrayed as a liberal peace process; also, its objective is to examine the concept of hybrid peace. The methodology used is the bibliography review of the literature that explains the theories from the researched topics and the documental analyses. In order to develop its analysis, the article is composed in three sections. The first section covers the peacebuilding historical on United Nations’ framework during and after the Cold War. The second section approaches a critical analysis of the techniques used in peacebuilding, and how it can be typified as ‘liberal peace’. With the goal to understand how and why the hybrid peace is considered an alternative to the peacebuilding, its theoretical concepts will also be explored on the second section. In the third section, it will be presented the peacebuilding and the hybrid peace techniques which were applied in the afghan context after the United States and the Taliban group removal from political authority.
Key words: Peacebuilding; hybrid peace; Afghanistan.
References
ACCORD. Creating an Enabling Peacebuilding Environment: How Can External Actors Contribute to Resilience? 2014. Disponível em<http://www.accord.org.za/publication/creating-an-enabling-peacebuilding-environment/> Acesso em: 24 jul. 2018
BELLAMY, A. J.; WILLIAMS, P. Introduction: Thinking anew about peace operations. International Peacekeeping, v. 11, n. 1, p. 1-15, 2004.
BLANCO, R. Del Mantenimiento de la Paz al Proceso de Formación del Estado: un esbozo de los esfuerzos de la ONU para la paz internacional. Foro Internacional, v. LIV, n. 2, p. 266-318, 2014.
______. Normalizando anormais na sociedade internacional: Operações de paz, Foucault e a Escola Inglesa. Relações Internacionais, n. 53, p. 83-107, 2017.
CHANDLER, D. Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building. London: Pluto Press 2006.
______. The State-Building dilemma: Good Governance or Democratic Government? In: HEHIR, A. e ROBINSON, N. (Ed.). State-Building: Theory and Practice. New York Routledge, 2007.
______. The uncritical critique of liberal peace. Review of International Studies, v. 36, p. 1-19, 2010.
CHESTERMAN, S. You, the people: The United Nations, Transitional Administration, and State-Building. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
______. Ownership in theory and in practice: transfer of authority in UN Statebuilding. Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, v. 1, n. 1, p. 3-26, 2007.
DIEHL, P. F. Peace Operations. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008.
DOYLE, M. W. Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs. Philosophy & Public Affairs, v. 12, n. 3, p. 205-235, 1983.
FRITZ, J. E. U.S. Peacebuilding in Afghanistan. Bilateral workshop with the Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP). Washington, D.C: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis: 1-13 p. 2011.
GALTUNG, J. An Editorial. Journal of Peace Research v. 1, n. 1, p. 1-4, 1964.
______. Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, peacemaking and peacebuilding. Peace, War and Defence, v. 2, p. 282-304, 1976.
GHECIU, A.; PARIS, R. NATO and the Challenge of Sustainable Peacebuilding. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, v. 17, n. 1, p. 75-79, 2011.
GOMES, A. D. T. Da paz liberal à virada local: avaliando a literatura crítica sobre peacebuilding. Monções: Revista de Relações Internacionais da UFGD, Dourados, v. 2, n. 3, p. 46-76, 2013.
JARSTAD, A. K.; OLSSON, L. Hybrid Peace Ownership in Afghanistan: International Perspectives of Who Owns What and When. Global Governance, v. 18, p. 105-119, 2012.
KALDOR, M. Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, and the War on Terror. . International Politics, v. 42, p. 491–498, 2005.
KANT, I. Perpetual peace: a philosophical essay. London: S. Sonnenschein, 1795.
KEMER, T.; PEREIRA, A. E.; BLANCO, R. A construção da paz em um mundo em transformação: o debate e a crítica sobre o conceito de peacebuilding. . Rev. Sociol. Polit., v. 24, n. 60, p. 137-150, 2016.
KENKEL, K. M. Five generations of peace operations. Rev. Bras. Polít. Int, v. 56, n. 1, p. 122-143, 2013.
LEONARDSSON, H.; RUDD, G. The ‘local turn’ in peacebuilding: a literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding Third World Quarterly, v. 36, n. 5, p. 825-839, 2015.
MAC GINTY, R. International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance: Hybrid Forms of Peace. New York: Palgrave, 2011.
MAC GINTY, R.; RICHMOND, O. P. The Local Turn in Peace Building: a critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, v. 34, n. 5, p. 763-783, 2013.
ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS UNIDAS, Conselho de Segurança. An Agenda for Peace (A/47/277) 17 de junho 1992.
______. A/55/305. ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS UNIDAS, Conselho de Segurança. 2000.
______. S/2001/1154. ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS UNIDAS, Conselho de Segurança. 2001.
______. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines – The Capstone Doctrine. 2008. Disponível em <http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/capstone_eng.pdf.> Acesso em: 10 ago. 2018.
OTAN. ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001-2014) (Archived) 2015. Disponível em: < https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69366.htm >. Acesso em: 25 jun. 2018
PARIS, R. Peacebuilding and the Limits of Liberal Internationalism. International Security, v. 22, n. 2, p. 54-89, 1997.
______. Saving Liberal Peacebuilding. Review of International Studies, v. 36, n. 2, p. 337-365, 2010.
______. At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
PARIS, R.; SISK, T. D. The dilemmas of statebuilding: confronting the contradictions of postwar peace operations. New York: Routledge 2009.
PUGH, M. Peacekeeping and critical theory. International Peacekeeping, v. 11, n. 1, p. 39-58, 2004.
______. Peace Operations. In: WILLIAMS, P. D. (Ed.). Security studies: an introduction. New York: Routledge, 2008.
RICHMOND, O. P.; MITCHELL, A. Hybrid Forms of Peace: From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
RYAN, S. United Nations peacekeeping: A matter of principles? International Peacekeeping, v. 7, n. 1, p. 27-47, 2000.
SUHRKE, A. The dangers of a tight embrace: externally assisted statebuilding in Afghanistan. In: PARIS, R. e SISK, T. D. (Ed.). The dilemmas of statebuilding : confronting the contradictions of postwar peace operations. New York: Routledge, 2009.
SUHRKE, A.; HARPVIKEN, K.; STRAND, A. Conflictual Peacebuilding: Afghanistan Two Years after Bonn Chr. Michelsen Institute Development Studies and Human Rights. Norway. 2004
WARDAK, A.; HAMIDZADA, H. The Search for Legitimate Rule, Justice and a Durable Peace: Hybrid Models of Governance in Afghanistan. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, v. 7, n. 2, p. 79-88, 2012.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Conjuntura Global (ISSN 2317 - 6563) editors reserve the right to adapt the submissions to the journal's editorial standard format. The articles and reviews are under the responsibility of their authors and do not express the opinion of Conjuntura Global's editors.
Authors who publish in this journal agree with the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), that allows the work to be shared with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal;
- Authors are allowed to assume additional contracts separately, for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (e.g., to publish in an institutional repository or as a book chapter), with recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal;
- The approval of the submission automatically implies the authorization to Conjuntura Global to forward the relevant information to the scientific journals' indexing databases.
