Pandemic crisis and democratic regression – Italy and Brazil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5380/rfdufpr.v67i3.90283Keywords:
Covid-19. Italy. Brazil. Democratic regression. Annual reports.Abstract
Using in particular the results of the annual reports prepared by some of the most important institutes and networks that measure the state of democracy in the world, the article considers the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on Italy and Brazil, in order to verify whether the measures adopted to deal with the virus have actually led to a democratic regression in the two States, which, due to their constitutional history, express a different way of consolidation of a democratic system.
References
BRASIL. Câmara dos Deputados. Deputados. Lideranças e Bancadas Partidárias. Bancada Atual. Última atualização: 23 jan. 2023. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3kUwEGP. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2023.
BRASIL. Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE). Partidos políticos registrados no TSE. Última atualização: 15 fev. 2023. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/4229dwb. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2023.
DEMOS. Observatório para Monitoramento dos Riscos Eleitorais no Brasil. [S. l.]: DEMOS, 2023. Disponível em: https://demosobservatorio.com.br/. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE. Democracy Index 2018: Me too? Political participation, protest and democracy. London: Economist Intelligence, 2019. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/2JLAFbn. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE. Democracy Index 2019: A year of democratic backsliding and popular protest. London: Economist Intelligence, 2020. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3JfevwS. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE. Democracy Index 2020. In sickness and in health? London: Economist Intelligence, 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3Zr72R1. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE. Democracy Index 2021. The China challenge. London: Economist Intelligence, 2022. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3F0iXgg. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
FREEDOM HOUSE. Freedom in the World 2019. Brazil. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 5 fev. 2019. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3F2UGGt. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
FREEDOM HOUSE. Freedom in the World 2021. Brazil. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 3 mar. 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3JiuWZc. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
FREEDOM HOUSE. Freedom in the World 2021. Italy. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 11 jun. 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3ZqSrov. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
FREEDOM HOUSE. Freedom in the World 2022. Brazil. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 23 fev. 2022. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3F0BQ2B. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
FREEDOM HOUSE. Freedom in the World 2022. Italy. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 23 fev. 2022. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3Zlue2W. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
FREEDOM HOUSE. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2022. Disponível em: https://freedomhouse.org/. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
FRIEDRICH, Philip. Brazil’s Democracy Confronts the Looming Threat of Election Denial. The courts, social media platforms, and others must work together to combat disinformation promoted by the incumbent president. Freedom House, Washington, DC, 22 set. 2022. Perspectives. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3mj2HR1. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. Publications. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.hrw.org/publications. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. World Report 2021. Events of 2020. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3ymCnIp. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. World Report 2022. Events of 2021. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2022. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3ydB12K. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
KOLVANI, Palina; LUNDSTEDT, Martin; EDGELL, Amanda B.; LACHAPELLE, Jean. Pandemic Backsliding: A Year of Violations and Advances in Response to Covid-19. V-Dem Institute, Gothenburg, Policy Brief n. 32, 6 July 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3F4K75J. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
REPUCCI, Sarah; SLIPOWITZ, Amy. Freedom in the World 2021. Democracy under Siege. Washington, DC: Freedom House, 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3Ze0Ews. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
SCHIRATO, Vitor Rhein. O Controle interno da Administração Pública e sua aplicação às contratações públicas. Revista de Direito Administrativo e Infraestrutura | RDAI, São Paulo, v. 1, n. 3, p. 51-83, 2017. DOI: 10.48143/rdai/03.vrs. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3KXdIBN. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
TARCHI, R. La Costituzione del Liechtenstein nel suo centenario. Riflessioni di sintesi nella prospettiva comparata. DPCE online, [s. l.], v. 52, n. 2, p. 1.031-1.070, jul. 2022. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3mp9gBH. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
V–DEM INSTITUTE. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. Gothenburg: V–Dem Institute, 2021. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3kRjvyg. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
V–DEM INSTITUTE. Democracy Report 2022. Autocratization Changing Nature? Gothenburg: V–Dem Institute, 2022. Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3kW4o6z. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
V–DEM INSTITUTE. Varieties of Democracy. Global Standards Local Knowledge. Gothenburg: V–Dem Institute, 2023. Disponível em: https://www.v-dem.net/. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2023.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with the Journal agree to the following terms:
– Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal right of first publication with the work licensed under the Creative Commons — Atribuição 3.0 Brasil — CC BY 3.0 BR Licence, which allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in the Journal;
– Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the Journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in the Journal;
– Any person is free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and to adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, but must give, in any case, appropriate credit, and provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made, under the terms of the Creative Commons — Atribuição 3.0 Brasil — CC BY 3.0 BR Licence and in compliance with Brazilian Law No. 9,610, of February 19, 1998, and other regulations in force.