A traição das imagens: tokens não fungíveis e direitos autorais

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5380/rrddis.v3i5.93956

Palavras-chave:

Direitos Autorais, NFTs, Copyleft.

Resumo

O presente artigo sobre a uilização das imagens digitais analisa as novas tecnogias, mais especificiante, a questão dos NFTs (Não fungível tokens) e direitos autorais. A crescente capacidade de produzir cópias perfeitas de uma obra tem sido o cerne das batalhas de direitos autorais dos últimos anos, em que a crescente digitalização de obras correu o possível valor de escassez dos direitos autorais. Mas isso é apenas uma análise da escassez como um elemento da justificativa econômica. Se considerarmos o direito autoral como um incentivo em potencial para gerar obras, ou mesmo como um veículo para incentivar a disseminação de obras, então a perda de escassez é menos grave e pode explicar o surgimento de modelos de licenciamento do tipo copyleft que incentivam a criação de um bem comum cultural.

Biografia do Autor

Andres Guadamuz, University of Sussex

Professor em Direito de Propriedade Intelectual, Universidade de Sussex. Este artigo começou como uma série de postagens no blog Technollama. Consulte: https://www. technollama.co.uk/category/nfts. Todos os links estão funcionando desde 3/10/2021.

Referências

ANGELOPOULOS, C, ‘Communication to The Public and Accessory Copyright Infringement’ (2017) 76, The Cambridge Law Journal 496.

ARMENTAL, M, “Jack Dorsey’s First Tweet Sells as NFT for $2.9 Million’, The Wall Street Journal (22 de março), 2021). Disponível em: https://www.wsj.com/articles/jack-dorseys-first-tweet-sells-as-nft-for-2-9-million-11616455944. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.

BANTERNGHANSA, C; GRADDY, K, ‘The Impact of the Droit de Suite in the UK: An Empirical Analysis” (2011) 35, Journal of Cultural Economics 81.

BARDA, V, ‘ERC-721 Non-Fungible Token Standard’, Ethereum Blog (6 de junho de 2021). Disponível em: https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-721/. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.

BELLARE, M, Canetti R; KRAWCZYK, H, ‘Keying Hash Functions for Message Authentication’ em Neal Koblitz (ed), Advances in Cryptology (Springer 1996), em 34.

BENTLY, L e outros, Intellectual Property Law (5ª edição, Oxford University Press 2018)

BODÓ, B, “Libraries in the Post-Scarcity Era”, em Porsdam H, Copyrighting Creativity (Routledge 2015).

BODÓ, B; GERVAIS, D; QUINTAIS, JP, ‘Blockchain and Smart Contracts: The Missing Link in Copyright Licensing?” (2018) 26 International Journal of Law and Information Technology 311.

BODÓ B; GERVAIS, D; QUINTAIS, JP, ‘Blockchain and Smart Contracts: The Missing Link in Copyright Licensing?” (2018) 26, International Journal of Law and Information Technology 311

BOYKIN, D, “Survey of E- Contracting Cases: Browsewrap, Clickwrap, and Modified Clickwrap Agreements” (2012) 68 ABA Business Law 257.

CANNARSA ,M, ‘Interpretation of Contracts and Smart Contracts: Smart Interpretation or Interpretation of Smart Contracts?” (2018) 26, European Review of Private Law 773.

COATHUP, A, ‘Create an NFT and deploy to a public testnet, using Truffle’, OpenZeppelin Blog (1º de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3fQjmFy. Acesso em: 15 maio 2023.

COMISSÃO JURÍDICA, Comércio Eletrônico: Requisitos formais em transações comerciais: Advice (2001) e Law Commission, “Electronic execution of documents” (Law Com n. 386, 2019). Disponível em: https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ project/electronic-execution-of-documents/. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.

COOMBE, RJ; SCHNOOR, S; AHMED, M, ‘Bearing Cultural Distinction: Informational Capitalism and New Expectations for Intellectual Property’ (2006) 40 U.C. Davis Law Review 891 at 893.

CORBETT, S, ‘Creative Commons Licences, the Copyright Regime and the Online Community: Is There a Fatal Disconnect?” (2011) 74 Modern Law Review 503.

CRIDDLE, C, ‘Banksy art burned, destroyed and sold as token in ‘money-making stunt’’, BBC News (9 de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-56335948. Acesso em: 15 maio 2023.

CZARNY-DROŻDŻEJKO, E, ‘Exclusive right of communication of works to the public in the legal system of the European Union’ (2021) Journal of World Intellectual Property, https://doi.org/10.1111/jwip.12192.

DE FILIPPI, P; WRIGHT, A, Blockchain and the Law : The Rule of Code (Harvard University Press 2018).

DNES, A, ‘Should the UK Move to a Fair-Use Copyright Exception?’ (2013).

DREYFUSS, RC, “An Alert to the Intellectual Property Bar: The Hague Judgments Convention,” (2001). University of Illinois Law Review 421.

DUROVIC, M; JANSSEN, A, ‘The Formation of Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts in the Light of Contract Law’ (2018) 26. European Review of Private Law 753.

EVANS, TM, ‘Cryptokitties, Cryptography, and Copyright’ (2019) 47 AIPLA Quarterly Journal 219.

FADILPAŠIĆ, S, ‘Ethereum Burning Thousands of USD a Minute, While Miners Face the Change’, Cryptonews (06 de agosto de 2021). Disponível em: https://cryptonews.com/news/ethereum-burning-thousands-of-usd-a-minute-while-miners-face-11340.htm. Acesso em: 18 maio 2023.

FRYE, BL, ‘NFTs & the Death of Art’ (Social Science Research Network 2021)

SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 3829399. Disponível em: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3829399. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.

GATT, A, ‘Electronic Commerce - Click-Wrap Agreements: The Enforceability of Click-Wrap Agreements” (2002) 18 Computer Law & Security Review 404.

GENÇ, E, ‘Pepe the Frog’s Creator Nuked a $4 Million NFT Collection Over Copyright’, Vice: Motherboard (20 de agosto de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.vice.com/en/article/akg8qk/pepe-the-frogs-creator-nuked-a-dollar4-million-nft-collection-over-copyright. Acesso em: 18 maio 2023.

GERARD, D, Attack of the 50 Foot Blockchain: Bitcoin, Blockchain, Ethereum & Smart Contracts (Self 2017).

GINSBURG, J C, ‘The Court of Justice of the European Union Creates an EU law of liability for facilitation of copyright infringement: Observations on Brein v. Filmspeler [C-527/15] (2017) and Brein v. Ziggo [C-610/15]” (2017) Columbia Law and Economics Working Paper No. 572. Disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3024302. Acesso em: 15 maio 2023.

GOOLD, PR, ‘Why the U.K. Adaptation Right Is Superior to the U.S. Derivative Work Right’ (2013) 92 Nebraska Law Review 843.

GORDON, WJ, ‘Intellectual Property’. In: CANE, P; TUSHNET M (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2003) 617, em 621.

GUADAMUZ, A, ‘Copyfraud and copyright infringement in NFTs’, Technollama Blog (14 de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://wp.me/pwh3D-3es. Acesso em 12 abr. 2023.

GUADAMUZ, A, ‘Smart Contracts, Blockchain and Intellectual Property: Challenges and Reality” (Desafios e realidade). In: Intellectual Property and the 4th Industrial Revolution. Kluwer International Law, Amsterdam.” em Heath, Kamperman Sanders e Moerland (eds), Intellectual property and the 4th industrial revolution (Kluwer Law International 2020).

GUADAMUZ, A, “All Watched Over por Machines of Loving Grace: A Critical Look at Smart Contracts’ (2019) 35 Computer Law and Security Revisão 1.

GUADAMUZ, A; MARSDEN, C, ‘Blockchains and Bitcoin: Regulatory Responses to Cryptocurrencies’ (2015) 20:12 First Monday https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198.

HANUZ, B, ‘Linking to Unauthorized Content after the CJEU GS Media Decision’ (2016) 11 Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice 879.

HARPER, J, ‘Jack Dorsey’s first ever tweet sells for $2.9m’, BBC News (23 de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-56492358. Acesso em: 12 abr. 2023.

HARWOOD, P, ‘Pranksy & The Bored Apes: Using Nansen for NFT Alpha’, Nansen Blog (13 de julho de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.nansen.ai/research/pranksy-the-bored-apes-using-nansen-for-nft-alpha. Acesso em: 20 maio 2023.

IPFS, ‘Uncensorable Wikipedia on IPFS’ Blog do IPFS (4 de maio, 2017). Disponível em: https://blog.ipfs.io/24-uncensorable-wikipedia/. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2023.

KARAPAPA, S, ‘A copyright exception for private copying in the United Kingdom’ (2013), 35:3 European Law Review 129- 137

KARAPAPA, S, ‘The Requirement for a “New Public” in EU Copyright Law’ (2017) 42:1 European Law Review 63 - 81

KASTRENAKES, J, ‘Your Million-Dollar NFT Can Break Tomorrow If You’re Not Careful’, The Verge (25 de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/25/22349242/nft-metadata-explained-art-crypto-urls-links-ipfs. Acesso em: 12 abr. 2023.

KEEPER, S, “The NFT’s Aura, or, Why Is NFT Art So Ugly? Storming the Ivory Tower Blog. Disponível em: https://www.stormingtheivorytower.com/2021/06/the-nfts-aura-or-why-is-nft-art-so- ugly.html. Acesso em: 18 maio 2023.

KLEINMAN, Z, ‘Charlie Bit My Finger video to be taken off YouTube after selling for £500,000’, BBC News (24 de maio de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-57227290. Acesso em: 18 maio 2023.

KOO, J, The Right of Communication to the Public in EU Copyright Law (Bloomsbury Publishing 2019)

KU, R, ‘The Creative Destruction of Copyright: Napster and the New Economics of Digital Technology” (2002) 69:1 University of Chicago Law Review 7.

LECHER, C, ‘Infowars settles Pepe the Frog copyright lawsuit for $15,000’, The Verge (10 de junho de 2019). Disponível em: https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/10/18660312/infowars-pepe-the-frog-settlement-copyright-meme-alex-jones. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.

LEE, JY, ‘A Decentralized Token Economy: How Blockchain and Cryptocurrency Can Revolutionize Business’ (2019) 62 Business Horizons 773.

LEHDONVIRTA, V; VIRTANEN, P, ‘A New Frontier in Digital Content Policy: Case Studies in the Regulation of Virtual Goods and Artificial Scarcity” (2010) 2 Policy & Internet 7.

LINFORD, J, ‘Copyright and Attention Scarcity’ (2020) 42. Cardozo Law Review 143, em 146

LOIZOS, C, ‘As more artists and musicians turn their attention to NFTs, so, likely, do money launderers’, TechCrunch (25 de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/24/nft_users/. Acesso em: 20 maio 2023.

MATTESON, JD, ‘Unfair Misuse: How Section 512 of the DMCA Allows Abuse of the Copyright Fair Use Doctrine and How to Fix It’ (2018) 35 Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal 1.

MCCUTCHEON, J, “Making art from words: the picturisation adaptation right in copyright law”, em Research Handbook on Art and Law (Edward Elgar Publishing 2020).

O’DONNELL, N, ‘No, you probably can’t sell your Basquiat as an NFT’, Apollo Magazine (12 de maio de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.apollo-magazine.com/basquiat-nft-intellectual-property-copyright/. Acesso em: 12 maio 2023.

O’SULLIVAN, M, ‘Creative Commons and Contemporary Copyright: A Fitting Shoe or “a Load of Old Cobblers”?” (2008) First Monday. Disponível em: https://journals.uic.edu/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2087. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.

PALAU, A, ‘Storing on Ethereum. Analyzing the costs’ Coinmonks Blog (17 de julho de 2018). Disponível em: https://medium.com/coinmonks/storing-on-ethereum-analyzing-the-costs- 922d41d6b316. Acesso em: 5 maio 2023.

PATRICKSON, B, “What Do Blockchain Technologies Imply for Digital Creative Industries?” (2021) 30 Gerenciamento de criatividade e inovação 585.

POSTH, S, ‘Four Lessons of Cryptoart’, Posth Werk Blog (6 de junho de 2021). Disponível em: https://posth.medium.com/four- lessons-of-cryptoart-efb7d7108791. Acesso em: 12 abr. 2023.

REICHERT, C, ‘Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey sells first tweet as an NFT for $2.9M’,

CNET (22 de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.cnet.com/news/twitter-ceo-jack-dorsey-sells-first-tweet-as-an-nft-for-2-9m/. Acesso em: 20 maio 2023.

ROBERTSON, A, ‘An NFT of Jay-Z’s first album has sparked a record label lawsuit’, The Verge (21 de junho de 2021). Disponível em: Disponível em: https://bit.ly/3ii6ato. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2023.

SAGGESE, JM, Reading Basquiat: Exploring Ambivalence in American Art (University of California Press 2014)

SHAW, A, ‘Basquiat NFT withdrawn from auction after artist’s estate intervenes’, The Art Newspaper (28 de abril de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/basquiat-nft-withdrawn-from-auction-after-artist-s-estate-intervenes. Acesso em: 20 maio 2023.

SOTHEBY’S, ‘NFTs: Redefining Digital Ownership and Scarcity”, Blog da Sotheby’s (20 de abril de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.sothebys.com/en/

articles/nfts-redefining-digital-ownership-and-scarcity. Acesso em 18 abr. 2023.

THE NFT market bubble has popped and we’ve got the charts to prove it’, Protos

Blog (3 de junho de 2021), https://protos.com/nft-market-bubble-popped-crypto-collectibles-are-over/. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2023.

VILLA, A, ‘The Most Expensive Jean-Michel Basquiat Works Ever Sold at Auction’, Art News (8 de março de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.artnews.com/

list/art-news/artists/jean-michel-basquiat-most-expensive-works-1234585981/.

Acesso em: 15 maio. 2023.

WERBACH, K, The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust (MIT Press 2018), em 11.

WOOD, G, Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger, EIP-150. Disponível em: http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf. Acesso em: 20 maio 2023.

YEUNG, K, ‘Regulation by Blockchain: The Emerging Battle for Supremacy between the Code of Law and Code as Law’ (2019) 82 The Modern Law Review 207.

ZHENG, Z, e outros, ‘An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture, Consensus, and Future Trends’, 2017. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON BIG DATA (BigData Congress) (2017)

ZITTRAIN, J, ‘The Internet Is Rotting’, The Atlantic (30 de junho de 2021). Disponível em: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2021/06/the-internet-is-a-collective-hallucination/619320/. Acesso em: 15 abr. 2023.

Links

http://www.artnet.com/artists/jean-michel-basquiat/free-comb-with-pagodaBTfRBn9W3bOUAn0GwRJZXg2.

https://avastars.io/.

https://bit.ly/2URaZSE.

https://bit.ly/39Z7z4s.

https://bit.ly/3hHBOS3.

https://bit.ly/3iyRUhj/.

https://bit.ly/3ruCYUf.

https://bit.ly/3yVmozl.

https://bit.ly/3zgyMuf.

https://bit.ly/41z8LFv

https://boredapeyachtclub.com/.

https://checkmynft.com/.

https://discuss.ipfs.io/t/how-censorship-resistant-is-ipfs-intended-to-be/7892/4.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kBx-HXY8ow_7bElsJZ6Sk3r2V9cQjSRdWFyKCUXZtAs/edit.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NHkNz0mTrHtcCoZVvVXwpPnsOW8wNbIMrKaeJ90dRg/edit?usp=sharing

https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-173.

https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_ripping

https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/gas/.

https://ethereum.org/en/developers/docs/standards/tokens/erc-20/

https://etherscan.io/.

https://etherscan.io/address/0x0C8B89C808c37f20547B75eF5b17ED8b8C97bb98.

https://etherscan.io/address/0x8c5aCF6dBD24c66e6FD44d4A4C3d7a2D955AAad2.

https://etherscan.io/address/0xc7cc3e8c6b69dc272ccf64cbff4b7503cbf7c1c5.

https://ethgasstation.inf.

https://foundation.app/@DisasterGirl/disaster-girl-25046.

https://foundation.app/@grassetti/cryptohistory-02-tothemoon-2911.

https://foundation.app/terms.

https://github.com/larvalabs/cryptopunks/blob/master/contracts/CryptoPunksMarket.sol#L5

https://ipfs.io/.

https://ipfs.io/ipfs/Qmcg8f4F9cig2JWXunxJcdBe58Q5myYXPmGfuMn1TVeswD/nft.mp4.

https://jacques.live/nft.

https://metamask.io/.

https://mintable.app.

https://mintable.app/art/item/A-day-in-the-life-Copyright-article-experiments/Zs_7_5nX-VXJcsW

https://mintable.app/Collectibles/item/Black--15--Among-Us/5jnqW0RvtEDHnpT.

https://mintable.app/u/samklnft.

https://nbatopshot.com/.

https://nbatopshot.com/marketplace.

https://nftheft.com/.

https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/beeple-first-5000-days/lots/2020.

https://opensea.io/assets/0x557430421f8f3ed0a92aca211f1c05ad7b606288/0.

https://rarible.com/token/0x4813c06eb9919db20634c431565d6b88f35501ff:10016?tab=owners.

https://rarible.com/token/0x60f80121c31a0d46b5279700f9df786054aa5ee5:1111629.

https://shorturl.at/byTW9.

https://twitter.com/Anupam_btc/status/1442471958474473479.

https://twitter.com/CheckMyNFT/status/1371960028765245440.

https://twitter.com/CorbinRainbolt/status/1369433485086195717.

https://twitter.com/hutko/status/773825714047033344.

https://twitter.com/natechastain/status/1414984322638036996.

https://twitter.com/RookieXBT/status/1421548360868286464.

https://twitter.com/seedphrase/status/1358918272767324160.

https://twitter.com/spencecoin/status/1418457068986454018.

https://twitter.com/WeirdUndead/status/1369210982518693888.

https://v.cent.co/tweet/20.

https://verisart.com/works/23f2c64a-08c6-4a42-8013- 84ac8422dffb.

https://www.cryptokitties.co/.

https://www.freehawaiiphoto.com/.

https://www.hup.life/

https://www.hup.life/#terms.

https://www.knockoff.lol/

Downloads

Publicado

2024-01-02

Como Citar

Guadamuz, A. (2024). A traição das imagens: tokens não fungíveis e direitos autorais. Revista Rede De Direito Digital, Intelectual & Sociedade, 3(5), 215–271. https://doi.org/10.5380/rrddis.v3i5.93956

Edição

Seção

Parte III - Inovação, direito digital e tecnologia