A compatibilidade das políticas de incentivo à energia renovável com o sistema OMC
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5380/rfdufpr.v66i3.85421Palavras-chave:
Energia sustentável. Políticas de incentivo. OMC. Nação mais favorecida. Tratamento nacional.Resumo
O objetivo assumido pelos Estados com o Acordo de Paris, de conter o aquecimento global abaixo de 2°C – possivelmente limitando-o a 1,5°C –, exige a substituição progressiva de fontes fósseis por renováveis para a produção de energia. Isso implica o uso, pelos países, de sistemas de incentivos funcionais para tornar a produção de energia sustentável – em diversas formas –, competitiva com a de fontes fósseis. Esses sistemas de incentivos, no entanto, podem apresentar problemas de compatibilidade com os princípios e regras da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). Em particular, os regimes de incentivos podem colidir com os princípios – fundamentais do Acordo Geral sobre Tarifas e Comércio (GATT, na sigla em inglês) – da “nação mais favorecida” e do “tratamento nacional”, que visam proibir a discriminação entre bens similares, provenientes de Estados diferentes, ou entre bens provenientes do exterior e nacionais. O artigo, após examinar esses princípios fundamentais e as respectivas exceções funcionais à proteção ambiental, bem como os respectivos acordos sobre subsídios, trata da jurisprudência desenvolvida no âmbito da OMC sobre políticas de incentivo às fontes de energia renováveis, para concluir que importantes indicativos podem ser traçados a partir dela para suportar sua compatibilidade. Em última análise, os regimes de apoio, na medida em que visam corrigir falhas de mercado, não representam subsídios proibidos no sistema da OMC, pois restauram o próprio mercado a uma condição de equilíbrio real.
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