OUTBREAKS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS IN THE MARANHÃO AMAZON

CLINICAL ASPECTS, DIAGNOSIS, AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5380/avs.v30i4.98024

Keywords:

vesiculovírus, vetores, insetos, lesões epiteliais, Amazônia.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to document the occurrence of outbreaks of infection caused by viruses of the genus Vesiculovirus (family Rhabdoviridae), responsible for Vesicular Stomatitis (VS), in 16 cattle and 1 equine in the municipalities of Cururupu, Santa Helena, and Turilândia, in the Maranhão Amazon. The affected animals exhibited lameness, weight loss, hypersalivation, and epithelial lesions located in the mouth and coronary band. The diagnosis was confirmed through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). No symptoms were reported in handlers of the affected herds, and other species present on the monitored properties showed no signs of vesicular diseases. One bovine exhibited coinfection with Parapoxvirus, the etiological agent of bovine papular stomatitis. All animals recovered spontaneously or with supportive treatment within three weeks. The findings of this study contribute to understanding the epidemiological dynamics of VS in tropical regions, highlighting the need for differential diagnosis due to its clinical similarity to Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Furthermore, the results emphasize the importance of biosafety practices and proper management to minimize the impact of the disease on animal health and prevent the spread of outbreaks to adjacent herds.

Author Biographies

Jose Wendel Soares Araujo, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO

Graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the State University of Maranhão (1998), with a specialization in Higher Education Teaching from Universidade Cândido Mendes. Holds a Professional Master's degree in Animal Health Defense and is currently a PhD candidate in the same field at the State University of Maranhão. Works as a State Agricultural Inspector at the Maranhão Agricultural Defense Agency (AGED/MA) and has experience in biostatistics and epidemiology.

Roberto Carlos Negreiros de Arruda, UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO MARANHÃO

Graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the State University of Maranhão in 1989. Holds a specialization in Ruminant Production (2001) and Animal Health Defense (2013) from the Federal University of Lavras. Earned a Master's degree in Animal Sciences (2011) and a Doctorate in Animal Health Defense from the State University of Maranhão (2024). Currently serves as a Federal Agricultural Inspector for the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Supply. Has experience in Preventive Veterinary Medicine, with an emphasis on Animal Health Defense, an area in which he has been active for 34 years. Currently works supporting the coordination of national programs in the State of Maranhão.

Amanda Amanda Barbosa Rodrigues, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

Veterinarian graduated from the State University of Maranhão (UEMA). Holds a technical degree in Agriculture from the Federal Institute of Maranhão (IFMA) and currently works in Agricultural Inspection for the Maranhão State Agency for Agricultural Defense (AGED/MA).

Diane Maria Diane Maria Sousa Gonçalves, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão

 

Graduated in Geography from the State University of Maranhão, with a specialization in Public Policies from the Federal University of Maranhão. Currently a public servant in the Judiciary of the State of Maranhão, with prior experience in teaching at the high school level.

References

Alves GB, Bevilacqua PD. Ecological aspects of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an endemic area of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the State of Maranhão, Brazil. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v. 100, n. 9, p. 889-893, 2005. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-790X2013000100018. Acesso em: 5 nov. 2024.

Arruda, R. C. N. de; Segundo, J. M. F.; Soares, B. A. et al. Investigação epidemiológica de estomatite vesicular por achados clínicos em bovinos e equinos no Estado do Maranhão. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Seropédica, v. 35, n. 5, p. 391-395, maio 2015. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-736X2015000500001. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária. Estomatite vesicular: Informações sobre ocorrência no Brasil e avaliação de resultados dos testes sorológicos. Brasília: CPACZ, abr. 2012.

Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Manual de investigação de doença vesicular. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. Brasília: MAPA/AECS, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/sanidade-animal-e-vegetal/saude-animal/programas-de-saude-animal/febre-aftosa/documentos-febre-aftosa/manualinvestigacaodoencavesicular.pdf Acesso em: 15 nov. 2024.

Cargnelutti JF, Olinda RG, Maia LA, et al. Outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis Alagoas virus in horses and cattle in northeastern Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 26, n. 6, p. 788-794, Nov. 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638714553428. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

Oliveira AM de, Laguardia-Nascimento M, Sales ML, et al. Outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis in Brazil caused by a distinct lineage of Alagoas vesiculovirus. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, v. 52, n. 3, p. 1637-1642, 2021. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34145554/ Acesso em: 16 nov. 2024.

ICTV. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Subfamily: Alpharhabdovirinae. Genus: Vesiculovirus. 2024. Disponível em: https://ictv.global/report/chapter/rhabdoviridae/rhabdoviridae/vesiculovirus. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

Laguardia-Nascimento M, Sales ÉB, Gasparini MR, et al. Detection of multiple viral infections in cattle and buffalo with suspected vesicular disease in Brazil. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 28, n. 4, p. 377-381, 2016. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638716645836. Acesso em: 10 nov. 2024.

Liang Y, He M, Teng CB. Evolution of the vesicular stomatitis viruses: divergence and codon usage bias. Virus Research, v. 192, p. 46-51, 2014. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.013. Acesso em: 18 nov. 2024.

Mead, D. G.; Ramberg, F. B.; Besselsen, D. G. et al. Transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus from infected to noninfected black flies co-feeding on nonviremic deer mice. Science, Washington, D.C., v. 287, n. 5452, p. 485-487, 2000. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5452.485. Acesso em: 3 nov. 2024.

Pelzel-Mccluskey, A. Vesicular stomatitis in large animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, Philadelphia, v. 40, n. 2, p. 251-259, jul. 2024. Disponível em: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/vesicular-stomatitis-in-large-animals/vesicular-stomatitis-in-large-animals. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

Rodriguez, L. L.; Fitch, W. M.; Nichol, S. T. Ecological factors, genetic diversity, and evolutionary constraints in the vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype. Virology, San Diego, v. 271, n. 1, p. 96-104, 2002.

Estomatite vesicular. Trad. e adap. à situação do Brasil por Ricardo Evandro Mendes. 2019. Disponível em: https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/diseaseinfo/factsheets-pt/. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

Smith PF, Howerth EW, Carter D, et al. Mechanical transmission of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) to domestic swine (Sus scrofa). Journal of Medical Entomology, v. 46, n. 6, p. 1537-1540, 2009. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/46/6/1537/924634. Acesso em: 8 nov. 2024.

Timoney, P. Vesicular stomatitis. Veterinary Record, v. 179, p. 119-120, 2016. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.i4075. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2024.

USDA. Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services. Vesicular stomatitis [online]. Maio 2023. Disponível em: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/fs_vesicular_stomatitis_2012.pdf. Acesso em: 14 nov. 2024.

WOAH. World Organization for Animal Health. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. 13. ed. 2022. Vesicular stomatitis. Aetiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control, references. 2022. Disponível em: www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.25_VESICULAR_STOMATITIS.pdf. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

Thurmond M, Ardans A, Picanso J, et al. Vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey strain) infection in two California dairy herds: an epidemiologic study. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 191, n. 8, p. 965-970, 1987. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2824414/. Acesso em: 8 nov. 2024.

Haig D, Mercer AA. Parapoxviruses. In: Encyclopedia of Virology. 3. ed. p. 57-63, 2008. Disponível em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/parapoxvirus. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

Shimizu K, Badr Y, Okada A, et al. Bovine papular stomatitis virus and pseudocowpox virus coinfection in dairy calves in Japan. Archives of Virology, v. 165, p. 2659-2664, 2020. Disponível em: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32880730/ Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

Rozo-Lopez P, Drolet B, Londoño-Renteria B. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Transmission: A Comparison of Incriminated Vectors. Insects, 9. 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040190. Acesso em: 15 nov. 2024.

Pereira-Filho, A. A.; Fonteles, R. S.; Bandeira, A. M. da C. et al. Molecular identification of Leishmania spp. in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, Oxford, v. 55, n. 4, p. 989-994, 2018. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy014. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2024.

Downloads

Published

2025-12-01

How to Cite

Soares Araujo, J. W., Negreiros de Arruda, R. C., Amanda Barbosa Rodrigues, A., & Diane Maria Sousa Gonçalves, D. M. (2025). OUTBREAKS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS IN THE MARANHÃO AMAZON: CLINICAL ASPECTS, DIAGNOSIS, AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS. Archives of Veterinary Science, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.5380/avs.v30i4.98024

Issue

Vol. 30 No. 4 (2025): Navigating the Frontiers of Veterinary Science and the Commitment to One Health

Section

Zoonotic and Infectious Diseases

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors that wish to publish in AVS agree with the following conditions:

  1. To keep copyright of the article and allow the AVS to publish the first time. The article will be licensed by Creative Commons - Atribuição 4.0 Internacional allowing the sharing of their work.
  2. Authors may distribute their work by other channel of distribution (ex.: local or public repository).
  3. Authors have the permission to publish their work online, using different channels (similar to above), even before the final editorial process.