NUTRITIONAL SUPLLEMENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5380/rmu.v2i3.42076Keywords:
Dietary Supplements, Proteins, Carbohydrates. Creatine, Amino-acids-Branched-ChainAbstract
The promise of quick results in muscle mass, body definition, fat reduction and body weight is contributing to the abuse of nutritional supplements. However, prior to the prescription of any supplementation, it is necessary to adequate the nutrients intake from the diet. The intake of the right amount of calories, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals is the fundamental basis for any physical activity practitioner. And the primary supplementation should occur when you cannot meet the daily requirement of nutrients through food. There are over two hundred and fifty types of food supplements described. The supplements may contain carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, herbs, enzymes of the intermediary metabolism substances (such as amino acids) and various types of animal and plant extracts. This article is a review of the nutritional supplements which have consistent scientific studies: carbohydrates, proteins, BCAAs (Branched Chain Amino Acids) and creatine. The aim is to provide clarification and guide the medical community about the indications, benefits and risks of these substances.
References
- Maughan, R. J.; Depiesse, F.; Geyer H. The use of dietary supplements by athletes.Journal of Sports Sciences. Vol. 25. Núm. 1. p. S103-S113 2007
- Williams, M. H. Dietary supplements and sports performance: amino acids. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. Norfolk. Vol. 2. Núm. 2. p. 63-67 2005
- Rigon, T. V.; Rossi G. T. Quem e porque utilizam suplementos alimentares. Revista Brasileira de Nutricao Esportiva. Vol. 6. Num. 36. p. 420-426 2012
- Souza Junior, T. P.; Gualano, B.; Prestes, J.; Ribeiro, S. M. l.; Aoki, M. S. Biomotricity round table - dietary supplements and muscular hypertrophy. Brazilian Journal Biomotricity, Vol. 4, Num. 4. p. 227-245 2010
- Gerência-Geral de Alimentos - Ouvidoria/anvisa e dpdc/senacon – Consumo e Saude – Suplemento Alimentar fique atento. Ano 5 n.30, março de 2013
- Kreider, R. B.; Wilborn C. B; Taylor L.; Campbell B.; Almada A. L.,Collins R. e col. ISSN Exercise & Sport Nutrition Review: Research & Recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 7:7 2010
- Dideriksen K.; Reitelseder S.; Holm L. Influence of Amino Acids, Dietary Protein, and Physical Activity on Muscle Mass Development in Humans. Nutrients Num. 5. p. 852-876 2013
- Nogiec C. D., Kasif S. To Supplement or Not to Supplement: A Metabolic Network Framework for Human Nutritional Supplements. Metabolic Modeling of Nutritional Supplements. Num 8 2013
- Coyle E. F.; Coggan A. R..;Hemmert M. K., Ivy J. L. Muscle glycogen utilization during prolonged strenuous exercise when fed carbohydrate. American Physiological Society. 0161-7567/86 1989
- Burke L.M.; Hawley J.A.; Schabort E.J.; St Clair G.A.; Mujika I.; Noakes T.D.. Carbohydrate loading failed to improve 100-km cycling performance in a placebo-controlled trial. J Appl Physiol Num. 88. pg. 1284–1290. 2000
- Jeukendrup A.E.; Hopkins S.; Aragon-Vargas L.F.; Hulston C. No effect ofcarbohydrate feeding on 16 km cycling time trial performance. Eur J Appl Physiol Vol. 104. pg. 831–837 2008
- Nassif C.; Ferreia A. P. A.; Gomes A. R.; Silva L.; Garcia E.; Marino F. Double blind carbohydrate ingestion does not improve exercise duration in warm humid conditions. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. Num. 11 pg. 72-79 2008
- Carter J.M.; Jeukendrup A.E; Jones D.A. The effect ofcarbohydrate mouth rinse on 1-h cycle time trial performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc Num. 36. pg. 2107–2111. 2004
- Araujo I.E.; Kringelbach M.L.; Rolls E.T.; Hobden P. Representation of umami taste in the human brain. J Neurophysiol Num. 90. pg. 313–319. 2003
- Lambert E.V.; St Clair Gibson A.; Noakes T.D. Complex systems model of fatigue: integrative homoeostatic control of peripheral physiological systems during exercise in humans. Br J Sports Med Num. 39 pg. 52–62. 2005
- Chambers E. S. ; Bridge M. W; Jones D. A. Carbohydrate sensing in the human mouth: effects on exercise performance and brain activity. J Physiol Num. 587.8 pg. 1779–1794. 2009
- Colombani P. C.; Mannhart C.; Mettler S. Carbohydrates and exercise performance in nonfasted athletes: A systematic review of studies mimicking real-life. Nutrition Journal 12:16. 2013
- Stellingwerff T, Cox GR. Systematic review: Carbohydrate supplementation on exercise performance or capacity of varying durations. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab.2014 Sep;39(9):998-1011
- Lemon P.W.; Tarnopolsky M.A.; MacDougall J.D.; Atkinson S.A. Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol Núm. 73(2) pg. 767-75 1992
- Tarnopolsky M.A. Protein and physical performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care Núm. 2(6) pg. 533-7 1999
- Kreider R.B.; Kleiner S.M. Protein supplements for athletes: need vs. convenience. Your Patient & Fitness Núm 14(6) pg. 12-8 2000
- Campbell B.; Kreider R.B.; Ziegenfuss T., La Bounty .; Roberts M.; Burke D.; et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: protein and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 4:8 2007
- American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada; American College of Sports Medicine, Rodriguez N. R.; Di marco N. M.; Langley S. American college of sports medicine position stand. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise Núm. 3, pg. 709-31 2009
- Bilsborough S.; Mann N. A review of issues of dietary protein intake in humans. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, Núm. 2, pg. 129-152 2006
- Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Resolução RDC nº 269, de 22 de setembro de 2005. O “REGULAMENTO TÉCNICO SOBRE A INGESTÃO DIÁRIA RECOMENDADA (IDR) DE PROTEÍNA, VITAMINAS E MINERAIS”. ANVISA - Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, de 23 de setembro de 2005
- Porttmans J. R.; Carpentier A.; Pereira-Lancha L. O; Lancha Jr A. Protein turnover, amino acid requirements and recommendations for athletes and active populations. Braz J Med Biol Res Num. 10 2012
- Bröer S. Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia. Physiological. Review. V. 88, Núm. 1, pg. 249-286 2008
- Balage M.; Dardevet D. Long-term effects of leucine supplementation on body composition. Current Opinion Clinical Nutrition Metabolism Care, v. 13, Núm. 3, pg. 265-70 2010
- Tang J. ;Moore D. R.; Kujbida G. W.; Tarnopolsky M. A.; Phillips S. M. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol 107 pg 987–992 2009
- Tipton K.D., Elliott T.A.; Cree M.G.; Wolf S.E.; Sanford A.P.; Wolfe R.R. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc Num.36 pg 2073–2081 2004
- Aragon A.A.; Schoenfeld B. J. Nutrient timing revisited: is there a post-exercise anabolic window? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 10:5 2013
- Walker D. K; Dickinson J. M.; Timmerman K. L. ; Drummond M. J.; Reidy P. T.; Fry C. S.; Gundermann D. M; et al. Exercise, Amino Acids and Aging in the Control of Human Muscle Protein Synthesis Med Sci Sports Exerc. Num. 43(12) pg. 2249–2258 2011
- Tipton K. D.; Ferrando A. A.; Phillips S. M.; Doyle D. J.; Wolfe R. R.Postexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids. American Journal of Physiology Num. 276 pg. E628–634 1999
- Cribb P. J.; Hayes A. Effects of supplement timing and resistance exercise on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise, Num. 11 pg. 1918-1925 2006
- Koopman R. Role of amino acids and peptides in the molecular signaling in skeletal muscle after resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. Num. 17 pg. S47-S57 2007
- Phillips S. M. Protein Requirements and Supplementation in Strength Sports. Nutrition Num. 20 pg. 689–695 2004
- Esmarck B.; Andersen J. L.; Olsen S.; Richter E. A.; Mizuno M.; Kjaer M. Timing of postexercise protein intake is important for muscle hypertrophy with resistance training in elderly humans. Journal of Physiology. Num. 535 pg. 301-311 2001
- Rowlands D.; Thorp R.; Rossler K.; Graham D.; Rockell M. Efect of protein-rich feeding on recovery after intense exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab Num. 17 pg. 521–543 2007
- Jentjens R.; Jeukendrup A. Determinants of post exericse glycogen synthesis during short term recovery. Sports Med Num. 33(2) pg. 117–144 2003
- Rauch H.; Gibson A.; Lambert E.; Noakes T. A signalling role for muscle glycogen in the regulation of pace during prolonged exercise. Brit J Sport Med Num. 39 pg. 34–38 2005
- Westerblad H.; Bruton J.D.; Katz A. Skeletal muscle: energy metabolism, fiber types, fatigue and adaptability. Exp Cell Res Num. 316(18) pg. 3093–3099 2010
- Hill K. M.; Stathis C. G.; Grinfeld E.; Hayes A.; McAinch A. J. Co-ingestion of carbohydrate and whey protein isolates enhance PGC-1α mRNA expression: a randomised, single blind, cross over study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 10:8 2013
- Akimoto T.; Pohnert S.; Li P.; Zhang M.; Gumbs C.; Rosenberg P.;Williams R.; et al. Exercise stimulates Pgc-1alpha transcription in skeletal muscle through activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. J Biol Chem Num. 280 pg. 19587–19593 2005
- Glass D.J. Skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy signaling pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol Num. 37 pg. 1974-1984 2005
- Yan Z.; Okutsu M.; Akhtar Y. N; Okutsu, Yasir N.; Lira A. V. Regulation of exercise-induced fiber type transformation, muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, and angiogenesis in skeletal. J Appl Physiol Num. 110 pg. 264-274 2011
- Coffey, V.G.; Hawley, J.A.The Specificity of Training: New Insights from Molecular Biology. Invited Review for Inaugural Issue. Malaysian Journal of Sport Science and Recreation. Num. (1) pg. 1-15 2005
- Cermak N. M.; Res P. T.; de Groot L.; Saris W. H.; van Loon L. Protein supplementation augments the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to resistance-type exercise training: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr Num. 96 pg. 1454–64 2012
- ECSS – 18th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science 2013
- H. Nicastro; da Luz C. R.; Chaves D. S.; L. R. Bechara; Voltarelli V. ; Rogero M. M.; et al. Does Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation Modulate SkeletalMuscle Remodeling through Inflammation Modulation? PossibleMechanisms of Action. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2012
- Dreyer H. C.; Drummond M. J.; Pennings B.; Fujita S.; Erin L.; Glynn; et al. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Num. 294(2) pg. 392400 2008
- Churchward-Venne T. A.; Burd N. A.; Phillips S. M. Nutritional regulation of muscle protein synthesis with resistance exercise: strategies to enhance anabolism. Nutrition & Metabolism 9:40 2012
- Koopman R. ; Anton J. M.; Wagenmakers R.; Manders J.; Zorenc A.; Senden J.; et al. Combined ingestion of protein and free leucine with carbohydrate increases postexercise muscle protein synthesis in vivo in male subjects. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism. Num. 288 pg. E645-E653 2005
- Campos-Ferraz P.L.; Bozza T.; Nicastro H.; Lancha A.H. Jr. Distinct effects of leucine or a mixture of the branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) supplementation on resistance to fatigue, and muscle and liver-glycogen degradation, in trained rats. Nutrition. Num. 29(11-12) pg. 1388-94 2013
- Katsanos C. S.; Kobayashi H.; Sheffield-Moore M.; Aarsland A.; Wolfe R. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Num. 291 pg. E381-E387 2006
- Garlick P.J. The role of leucine in the regulation of protein metabolism. J Nutrition Num. 135 pg. 1553S–1556S 2005
- Terjung R.L.; Clarkson P.; Eichner E.R.; Greenhaff P.L.; Hespel P.J.; Israel R.G. The physiological and health effects of oral creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc Num. 32 pg. 706-17 2000
- Harris R.; Soderlund K.; Hultman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Science Num. 83 pg. 367-74 1992
- Stone M.H.; Sanborn K.; Smith L.L.; O’Bryant H.S.; Hoke T.; Utter A.C.,.Effects of in-season (5 weeks) creatine and pyruvate supplementation on anaerobic performance and body composition in American football players. Int J Sport Nutr Num. 9 pg. 146-65 1999
- Buford T. W.; Kreider R.B.; Stout J. R.; Greenwood M.; Campbell B.; Spano M.; et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 4:6 2007
- Gualano B.; Acquesta F. M.; Ugrinowitsch C.; Tricoli V.; Serrão J. C.; A. H. Lancha Junior. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: Current Concepts. Rev Bras Med Esporte. Vol. 16, Num 3 2010
- Kreider R.B.; Willoughby D.; Greenwood M.; Parise G.; Payne E.; Tarnopolsky M.Effects of serum creatine supplementation on muscle creatine and phosphagen levels. J Exerc Physio Online Num. 6 pg. 24-33 2006
- Nissen S.L.; Sharp R.L. Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta-analisys. J Appl Physiol Num. 94 pg. 651-7 2003
- Branch J.D. Effect of creatine supplementation on body composition and performance: a meta-analysis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab Num. 13 pg. 198-26 2003
- Carvalho T.; Rodrigues T.; Meyer F.; Lancha Junior A.H.; De rose E.H. Modificações dietéticas, reposição hídrica, su¬plementos alimentares e drogas: comprovação de ação ergogênica e potenciais riscos para a saúde. Rev Bras Med Esporte Num. 9 pg. 43-56 2003
- Souza Júnior T.P.; Dubas J. P.; Pereira B.; de Oliveira P. R. Suplementação de creatina e treinamento de força: alterações na resultante de força máxima dinâmica e variáveis antropométricas em universitários submetidos a oito semanas de treinamento de força (hipertrofia). Rev Bras Med Esporte Vol. 13, Num. 5 2007
- Hespel P.; Op't Eijnde B.; Van Leemputte M.; Urso B.; Greenhaff P.L.; Labarque V.; Dymarkowski S.; et al. Oral creatine supplementation facilitates the rehabilitation of disuse atrophy and alters the expression of muscle myogenic factors in humans. Journal of Physiology. Num. 15 pg. 625-33 2001
- Kley R.A.; Vorgerd M.; Tarnopolsky M.A. Creatine for treating muscle disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 24;(1):CD004760 2007
- Poortmans J.R.; Francaux M. Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction? Sports Med. Num. 30 pg. 155-70 2000
- Kreider R.B.; Melton C.; Rasmussen C.J.; Greenwood M.; Lancaster S.; Cantler E.C. Long-term creatine supplementation does not significantly affect clinical markers of health in athletes. Mol Cell Biochem. Num. 244 pg. 95-104 2003
- Gualano B.; Ugrinowitsch C.; Seguro A. C.; Lancha Junior A. H. Does Creatine Supplementation Harm Renal Function? Rev Bras Med Esporte. Vol. 14, Num. 2008
- Gualano B.; Ugrinowitsch C.; Novaes R.B.; Artioli G.G.; Shimizu M.H.; Seguro A.C.; et al.; Effects of creatine supplementation on renal function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Appl Physiol. Num. 103(1) pg. 33-40 2008
- Gualano B.; Ferreira D.C.; Sapienza M.T.; Seguro A.C.; Lancha A.H. Jr. Effect of short-term, high-dose creatine supplementation on measured GFR in a young man with a single kidney. Am J Kidney Dis Nu. 55 pg. e7–e9 2009
- Gualano B.; de Salles P.V.; Roschel H.; Artioli G.G.; Neves M. Jr; de Sá Pinto A.L., et al. Creatine in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc Num 43 pg. 770–778 2011
- Jones T. E; Stephenson K. W.; King J. G.; Knight K. R.; Marshall T. L.; Scott W. B. Sarcopenia – Mechanisms and Treatments. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy Num. 32 2009
- Sayer A. A; Robinson S; Patel H.; Shavlakadze T.; Cooper C.; Ground M. D. New horizons in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of sarcopenia. Age and Ageing Num. 42 pg. 145–150 2013
- Burton L. A.; Sumukadas D.; Optimal management of sarcopenia. Clinical Interventions in Aging Num. 5 pg. 217–228 2010
- Cruz-Jentoft A.; Baeyens J. P.; Bauer J. M.; Boirie Y.; Ederholm C.; Landi F.; Martin F.; et al. European Consensus on Definition and Diagnosis. Age and Ageing. Num. 39 pg. 412–423 2010
- Sumukadas D.; Witham M. D.; Struthers A.; McMurdo M. T. Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 177(8) 2007
- Gillespie L.D.; Robertson M.C.; Gillespie W.J. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3:CD007146 2009
- Hughes V.A.; Frontera W.R.; Wood M.; Evans W.J.; Dallal G.E.; Roubenoff R.; et al. Longitudinal muscle strength changes in older adults: influence of muscle mass, physical activity, and health. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 56: B209–B217 2001
- Kumar V.; Selby A.; Rankin D.; Patel R.; Atherton P.; Hildebrandt W.; et al. Age-related differences in the dose-response relationship of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men. J Physiol Num. 587 pg. 211–217 2009
- Volpi E.; Kobayashi H.; Sheffield-Moore M.; Mittendorfer B.; Wolfe R.R. Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. Am J Clin
Nutr Num. 78 pg. 250–258 2003.
- Dreyer H. C.; Drummond M. J.; Pennings B.; Fujita S.; Glynn E. L.; Chinkes D. L.; et al. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Num. 294(2) pg. 392–400 2008
- Drummond M.J.; Fujita S.; Takash A.; Dreyer H.C.; Volpi E., Rasmussen B.B. Human muscle gene expression following resistance exercise and blood flow restriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc Num. 40 pg. 691–698 2008
- Fujita S.; Abe T.; Drummond M.J.; Cadenas J.G.; Dreyer H.C.; Sato Y.; et al. Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol Num. 103 pg. 903–910 2007.
- Liu L.; Cash T.P.; Jones R.G.; Keith B.; Thompson C.B.; Simon M.C. Hypoxia-induced energy stress regulates mRNA translation and cell growth. Mol Cell Num. 21 pg. 521–531 2006
- Fry C. S.; Glynn E. L.; Drummond M. J.; Timmerman K. L.; Fujita S; Abe T.; et al. Blood flow restriction exercise stimulates mTORC1 signaling and muscle protein synthesis in older men. J Appl Physiol Num. 108 pg. 1199–1209 2010
- Breen L.; Phillips S. M. Skeletal muscle protein metabolism in the elderly: Interventions to counteract the ‘anabolic resistance’ of ageing. Nutrition & Metabolism 8:68 2011
- Paddon-Jones D.; Rasmussen B. B. Dietary protein recommendations and the prevention of Sarcopenia. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care Num 12(1) pg. 86–90 2009
- Volpi E; Mittendorfer B.; Rasmussen B.B.; Wolfe R.R. The response of muscle protein anabolism to combined hyperaminoacidemia and glucose induced hyperinsulinemia is impaired in the elderly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Num. 85 pg. 4481-4490 2000
- Donges C. E.; Burd N. A.; Duffield R.; Smith G. C.; West D; Short M. J.; et al. Concurrent resistance and aerobic exercise stimulates both myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis in sedentary middle-aged men. J Appl Physiol Num. 112 pg. 1992–2001 2012
- Phillips B.E.; Williams J.P.; Gustafsson T.; Bouchard C.; Rankinen B.; Atherton A. Molecular Networks of Human Muscle Adaptation to Exercise and Age Genomic Features of Muscle Age Vol 9 Issue 3 2013
- Katsanos C.S.; Kobayashi H.; Sheffield-Moore M.; Wolf R.R. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab Num. 291 pg. 381-E387 2006
- Rieu I.; Sornet C.; Bayle G.; Prugnaud J.; Pouyet C.; Balage M.; et al. Leucine-supplemented meal feeding for ten days beneficially affects postprandial muscle protein synthesis in old rats. J Nutr Num. 133 pg. 1198–1205 2003
- Dalbo V.J.; Roberts M.D.; Lockwood C. M.; Tucker P.S.; Kreider R.B.; Cherksick K. The effects of age on skeletal muscle and the phosphocreatine energy system: can creatine supplementation help older adults. Dynamic Medicine 8:6 2009
- Gualano B.; Artioli G.G.; Poortmans J.R.; Lancha Junior A.H. Exploring the therapeutic role of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids Num. 38(1) pg. 31–44 2009
- Gualano B.; Novaes R.B.; Artioli G.G.; Freire T.O.; Coelho D.F.; Scagliusi F.B.; et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic training. Amino Acids Num. 34(2) pg. 245–250 2008
- Poortmans J.R.; Francaux M. Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction?. Sports Med Num. 30(3) pg. 155–170 2000
- Gotshalk L. A.; Kraemer W.J.; Mendonca M. A; Vingren J.L.; Kenny A.M.; Spiering B.A.; et al. Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older women. Eur J Appl Physiol Num. 102 pg. 223–231 2008
- Gotshalk L.A.; Volek J.S.; Staron R.S.; Denegar C.; Hagerman F.; Kraemer W. Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older men. Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine 2002
- Gualano B, Macedo AR, Alves CR, Roschel H, Benatti FB, Takayama L, et al. Creatine supplementation and resistance training in vulnerable older women: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Exp Gerontol. May;53:7-15 2014
- Candow G.; Little J.P.; Chilibeck P.; Abeysekara S.; Zello G.; Kazachkov M.; et al. Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008
- Parra R.; Palma A.; Pierucci A.P. Contaminação de suplementos dietéticos usados para prática esportiva: uma revisão de literatura. Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Esporte. Num. 4. pg.1071-1084 2011
- Bonfim F. .Avaliação dos Suplementos Nutricionais. Laboratório da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. 2013
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).