Kant's Anthropology as a Theory of Integration
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.5380/sk.v18i3.90195Mots-clés :
Anthropology, Humankind, Humanity, Prudence, Knowledge, Theory of IntegrationRésumé
The Anthropology has been criticized for the heterogeneity of its content and its "merely" empirical direction. In this presentation, I want to offer a reading that turns these two features into advantages and also helps us clarify the type of knowledge that anthropology provides. Apart from being an applied science with its unique object, methods, and principles of inquiry, Kant's Anthropology also relates different other fields of knowledge and inquiry to each other, i.e., integrates them into a unified whole. Read together with a few ideas from Kant's broader anthropological project, the Anthropology can thus be said not only to develop an empirical theory of human nature, but also to provide a meta-theoretical framework concerning the relations between different theoretical ideas of human nature. Teleological judgments and prudential knowledge play a crucial role in this framework, as they allow us to relate different empirical observations and subfields of inquiry to the same purposes. In this regard, Kant's anthropological project bears striking structural similarities to the Darwinian theory of evolution.
Références
ALLISON, H E. “On the Very Idea of a Propensity to Evil”. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 36.2/3, 2002, p. 337-348.
BRANDT, R. 1994. “Ausgewählte Probleme der Kantischen Anthropologie”. In: SCHINGS, H-J (Ed). Der ganze Mensch: Anthropologie und Literatur im 18. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1994, p. 14-32.
BRANDT, R. “The Guiding Idea of Kant’s Anthropology and the Vocation of the Human Being”. In: JACOBS, B.; KAIN, P. (Eds). Essays on Kant’s Anthropology. 1st Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 85-104.
BRANDT, R and STARK, W. 1997. “Einleitung”. In: Immanuel Kants Gesammelte Werke, Vol. 25.1: Vorlesungen über Anthropologie. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1997, p. VI-CLI.
COHEN, A. Kant and the human sciences: biology, anthropology and history. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
COHEN, A. “Kant’s Anthropology and Its Method: The Epistemic Uses of Teleology in the Natural World and Beyond”. In: ALTMAN, M. C. (Ed). The Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, p. 186-202.
COHEN, A. “Kant on epigenesis, monogenesis and human nature: The biological premises of anthropology”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 37.4, 2006, p. 675-693.
DENNETT, D C. Darwin’s dangerous idea: evolution and the meanings of life. London: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
DOBZHANSKY, T. “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense except in the Light of Evolution”. The American Biology Teacher, 35.3, 1973, p. 125-129.
FOUCAULT, M. Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2008.
FRIERSON, P R. Freedom and anthropology in Kant’s moral philosophy. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
FUNKE, G. “Kants Frage nach dem Menschen”. Jahrbuch der Albertus- Universität zu Königsberg 25, 1975, p. 5-21.
HORN, C. “Die menschliche Gattungsnatur. Anlagen zum Guten und Hang zum Bösen”. In: HÖFFE, O (Ed). Immanuel Kant, Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft. Berlin: Klassiker Auslegen, 2011, p. 43-69.
KIM, S B. Die Entstehung der Kantischen Anthropologie und ihre Beziehung zur empirischen Psychologie der Wolffschen Schule. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH, 1994.
KLEINGELD, P. Fortschritt und Vernunft: zur Geschichtsphilosophie Kants. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 1995.
LEFÈVRE, W. Die Entstehung der biologischen Evolutionstheorie. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2009.
LINDEN, M. Untersuchungen zum Anthropologiebegriff des 18. Jahrhunderts. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1976.
LOUDEN, R. Kant’s impure ethics: from rational beings to human beings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
LOUDEN, R. “‘The Eye of True Philosophy:’ On the Relationship between Kant’s Anthropology and His Critical Philosophy”. In: LYSSY, A.; BASILE, G. (Eds). System and Freedom in Kant and Fichte. London, New York, 2021 [forthcoming].
LOUDEN, R B. “Kant and the World History of Humanity”. Internationales Jahrbuch des Deutschen IdealismusI, 10, 2012, p. 3-17.
LOUDEN, R B. 2011. Kant’s human being: essays on his theory of human nature. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
LYSSY, A. 2018. “Kant on the Vocation and Formation of the Human Being”. In: LORINI, G.; LOUDEN, R. (Eds). Knowledge, Morals and Practice in Kant’s Anthropology. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, p. 81- 100.
MAYR, E. What evolution is. New York: Basic Books, 2001.
MENSCH, J. Kant’s organicism: epigenesis and the development of critical philosophy. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2013.
MUNZEL, G F. Kant’s conception of moral character: the “critical” link of morality, anthropology, and reflective judgment. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1999.
ALMQUIST, S R. “Kant’s Prudential Theory of Religion: The Necessity of Historical Faith for Moral Empowerment”. Con-Textos Kantianos, 1, 2015, p. 57-76.
PATON, H. J. 1971. The categorical imperative: a study in Kant’s moral philosophy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971.
SCHLEIERMACHER, F. “Review of Kant’s Anthropology”. In: RICHARDSON, R. D. (Ed). Schleiermacher on the workings of the knowing mind: new translations, resources, and understandings. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Meilen, 1998.
SLOAN, P R. “Performing the Categories: Eighteenth-Century Generation Theory and the Biological Roots of Kant’s A Priori”. Journal of the History of Philosophy, 40.2, 2002, p. 229-253.
STURM, T. Kant und die Wissenschaften vom Menschen. Paderborn: Mentis Verlag, 2009.
STURM, T. “Why did Kant reject physiological explanations in his anthropology?” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 39.4, 2008, p. 495-505.
WAGNER, A. “Humanität und Freiheit. Kants Philosophie im Lichte seiner Anthropologie”. In: WUNSCH, M. (Ed). Von Hegel zur philosophischen Anthropologie. Gedenkschrift für Christa Hackenesch. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2012, p. 231-246.
WALDOW, A. “Natural history and the formation of the human being: Kant on active forces”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 58, 2016, p. 67-76.
WEHOFSITS, A. Anthropologie und Moral: Affekte, Leidenschaften und Mitgefühl in Kants Ethik. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2016.
WILSON, C. “Kant and the Speculative Sciences of Origins”. In: SMITH, J. E. H. (Ed). The Problem of Animal Generation in Early Modern Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006a, p. 375-401.
WILSON, C. 2014. “Kant on civilisation, culture and moralisation”. In: COHEN, A. (Ed). Kant’s Lectures on Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 191-210.
WILSON, H L. Kant’s pragmatic anthropology: its origin, meaning, and critical significance. Albany: Suny Press, 2006b.
ZAMMITO, J H. Kant, Herder, and the birth of anthropology. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002.
ZAMMITO, J H. The genesis of Kant’s critique of judgment. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992.
ZÖLLER, G. “‘Anthroponomy.’ Kant on the Natural and the Rational Human Being”. In: BUCHENAU, S.; LYSSY, A. (Eds). Humankind and Humanity in the Philosophy of the Enlightenment. London: Bloomsbury, 2021 [forthcoming].
ZÖLLER, G. “Kant’s Political Anthropology”. Kant Yearbook, 3, 2011, p. 131-161.
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Autores mantém os direitos de republicação, sob condição de indicação de primeira publicação na Studia Kantiana.
Autores cedem o direito aos editores de vincular seus artigos em futuras bases de dados.
A Studia Kantiana utiliza a licença Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Você tem o direito de:
Compartilhar — copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato.
De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição — Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso.
Não Comercial — Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais.
Sem Derivações — Se você remixar, transformar ou criar a partir do material, você não pode distribuir o material modificado.
