Open Journal Systems

Constitutionalizing abortion in Brazil

Marta Rodriguez de Assis Machado, Rebecca J. Cook

Resumo

Brazil has been constitutionalizing disputes on women’s right to terminate unwanted pregnancy. This paper explains how this process started with the drafting of the new constitution in 1986-87, and evolved in different arenas, the legislative, the executive and in the public sphere. Most recently, it moved to the Supreme Court, primarily in its anencephalic pregnancy decision, brought as a Claim of Non Compliance with Fundamental Precept (ADPF 54). Decided in 2012, it was the first time since the adoption of the Penal Code in 1940 that the Brazilian Supreme Court moved the criminal boundaries to enable women to decide whether to terminate anencephalic pregnancies. The purpose of this article is to examine how the ADPF 54 decision contributed to the constitutionalization of abortion. First, it established the right to life as a non-absolute right, granting constitutional legitimacy to the system of legal exceptions. Second, it signaled the balancing of constitutional rights as the reasoning paradigm for this issue. Third, in framing the controversy as a matter of balancing constitutionally protected rights, the positions established in the Court ultimately recognized crucial understandings of women’s rights.

Palavras-chave

Brazil; Constitution; anencephaly; pregnancy; abortion; women’s rights.

Texto completo:

PDF (English)

Referências

ALMEIDA, Eloísa Machado de. Pesquisa com células tronco embrionárias: os argumentos e o impacto da decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal. In: PIOVESAN, Flávia; SOARES, Inês Virgínia Prado. (Org.). Impacto das Decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos na Jurisprudência do STF. 1ed. Salvador: JusPodivm, 2016. p. 23-48.

ALMEIDA, Eloísa Machado de. Sociedade civil e democracia: a participação da sociedade civil como amicus curiae no Supremo Tribunal Federal. São Paulo, 2006. Dissertação (mestrado em direito). Faculdade de Direito. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo.

BACKES, Ana Luiza; AZEVEDO, Débora Bithiah de (Org.). A sociedade no Parlamento: imagens da Assembléia Nacional Constituinte de 1987/1988. Brasília: Câmara dos Deputados, Edições Câmara, 2008.

BARATTA, Alessandro. Princípios do direito penal mínimo: para uma teoria dos direitos humanos como objeto e limite da lei penal. Doutrina Penal, Burenos Aires, n. 10-40, p. 623-650, 1987. Available at: . Accessed on: 1 Mar. 2018.

BARROSO, Luís Roberto. A dignidade da pessoa humana no direito constitucional contemporâneo: a construção de um conceito jurídico à luz da jurisprudência mundial. Belo Horizonte: Fórum, 2012.

BARROSO, Luís Roberto. Bringing Abortion into the Brazilian Public Debate: Legal Strategies for Anencephalic Pregnancy. In: COOK, Rebecca J.; ERDMAN, Joanna N.; DICKENS, Bernard M. (Eds.). Abortion Law in Transnational Perspective: Cases and Controversies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014. p. 258-278.

BARSTED, Leila de Andrade Linhares. Legalização e descriminalização do aborto no Brasil: 10 anos de luta feminista. Revista Estudos Feministas, Florianópolis, v. 0, n. 0, p. 104-130, 1992.

BERGALLO, Paola; MICHEL, Agustina Ramón. Abortion. In GONZALEZ-BERTOMEU, Juan F.; GARGARELLA, Roberto (Ed.). The Latin American Casebook: Courts, constitutions and rights. London: Routledge, 2016, p. 36-59.

BONETTI, Alinne; FONTOURA, Natália; MARINS, Elizabeth. Sujeito de direitos? Cidadania feminina nos vinte anos da constituição cidadã. Políticas Sociais: Acompanhamento e Análise (IPEA), Brasília, vol. 3, n. 17, p. 199-257, 2009.

BRAZIL. Bill of Law nº 1.190, de 2011. Establishes the "Day of the Unborn", to be celebrated on October 8 of each year, and gives other measures. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Bill of Law nº 5.058, de 2005. Regulates art. 226, § 7, of the Federal Constitution, providing for the inviolability of the right to life, defining euthanasia and voluntary termination of pregnancy as heinous crimes, in any case. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Claim of Non Compliance with Fundamental Precept nº 442. Judge-Rapporteura: Justice Rosa Weber. Filed in 8/03/2017.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Habeas Corpus nº 84.025-6/RJ. Paciente: Gabriela Oliveira Cordeiro. Coator: Superior Tribunal de Justiça. Judge-Rapporteur: Justice Joaquim Barbosa. Brasília, DF, June 25, 2004. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Initial Petition. Claim of Non Compliance with Fundamental Precept nº 54. Author: Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Saúde. Rio de Janeiro to Brasília, June 16, 2004. . Accessed on: 16 mar. 2016.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Initial Petition. Direct Action of Unconstitutionality nº 5581. Requerente: Associação Nacional dos Defensores Públicos - ANADEP. Brasília, DF, 05 de setembro de 2016. . Accessed on: 16 mar. 2016.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Sentence. Claim of Non Compliance with Fundamental Precept nº 54. Judge-Rapporteur: Justice Marco Aurélio. Brasília, DF, April 30, 2013. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Sentence. Direct Action of Unconstitutionality nº 3.510/DF. Judge-Rapporteur: Justice Ayres Brito. Brasília, DF, May 28, 2010. , Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Sentence. Habeas Corpus nº 124.306/RJ. Judge-Rapporteur: Justice Marco Aurélio. Brasília, DF, March 17, 2017. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Brazilian Supreme Court. Transcription of the Public Hearing of the Claim of Non Compliance with Fundamental Precept n. 54. Author: Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Saúde. Judge-Rapporteur: Justice Marco Aurélio Mello. Brasília, DF, September 16, 2008. . Accessed on: 13 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Chamber of Deputies. Carta das Mulheres: Aos Constituintes de 1987. Brasília, 1987. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Congress. Chamber of Deputies. Bill of Law nº 1.956, de 1996. Authorizing the interruption of pregnancy when the product of conception does not present conditions of survival due to malformation incompatible with life or an incurable degenerative disease, preceded by medical indication, or when by scientific means the impossibility of extrauterine life is verified. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Congress. Chamber of Deputies. Bill of Law nº 2.155, de 2007. Institutes the “Day of the Unborn”, to be celebrated on October 8 of each year, and prescribes measures to be adopted by the Powers to which it refers, for the purpose of the respective celebration. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Congress. Chamber of Deputies. Bill of Law nº 478, de 2007. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Congress. Chamber of Deputies. Bill of Law nº 5.387, de 1990. Establishes the services of assistance and guidance to family planning, and determines other measures. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Congress. Chamber of Deputies. Bill of Law nº 5.983, de 1990. Attributes competence to the Nacional Institute of Medical Assistance and Social Security (INAMPS) to carry out the family planning actions specified and determines other measures. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Congress. Chamber of Deputies. Bill of Law nº 7.441, de 2010. Predicts that the State pays a moral damage compensation and pension to the dependents of fatal victims of crimes related to sexual and domestic violence, in cases in which a material error of the State is proven. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Congress. Chamber of Deputies. Constituição (1995). Bill of Law nº 999, de 1995. Disposes about the inviolability of the right to life, defines euthanasia and voluntary termination of pregnancy as heinous crimes, in any case, as well as the interpretation of paragraph 7 of art. 226 of the Federal Constitution, and other measures. . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. CONSELHO NACIONAL DE SAÚDE. Portaria GM/MS N° 737: Política Nacional de Redução da Morbimortalidade por Acidentes e Violências. 2001. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Decreto-lei nº 2.848, de 7 de dezembro de 1940. Código Penal. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Lei nº 9.868, de 10 de novembro de 1999. Dispõe sobre o processo e julgamento da ação direta de inconstitucionalidade e da ação declaratória de constitucionalidade perante o Supremo Tribunal Federal. . Accessed on: 20 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Lei nº 9.882, de 3 de dezembro de 1999. Dispõe sobre o processo e julgamento da argüição de descumprimento de preceito fundamental, nos termos do § 1o do art. 102 da Constituição Federal. . Accessed on: 20 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Departamento de Ações Programáticas Estratégicas. Atenção humanizada ao abortamento: norma técnica / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Área Técnica de Saúde da Mulher.

– 2. ed. – Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2011. 60 p. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Ministry of Health. Secretary of Health. Department of Strategic Programmatic Actions. Atenção humanizada ao abortamento: norma técnica. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2. ed., 2011, p. 1-60 . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

BRAZIL. Presidency of Republic. Special Secretariat for Policies for Women. Relatório BEIJING +20. Brasília, DF, 2015. Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

CANADA. Supreme Court. R. v. Morgentaler. [1988] 1 SCR 30. Judgment nº 19556. Jan. 28, 1988. . Accessed on: 20 Mar. 2018.

CARVALHO NETO, Ernani Rodrigues de. Ampliação Dos Legitimados Ativos Na Constituinte De 1988: Revisão judicial e judicialização da política. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos, Belo Horizonte, vol. 96, p. 293-326, jul./dez. 2007.

CARVALHO, José Murilo de. Cidadania no Brasil. 23 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2017.

COHN, Margit; GRIMM, Dieter. ‘Human Dignity’ as a constitutional doctrine, In: TUSHNET, Mark; FLEINER, Thomas; SANDERS, Cheryl (Ed.). Routledge Handbook of Constitutional Law. New York, N.Y.: Routledge, 2013. p. 193-203.

COLOMBIA. Colombian Constitutional Court. Sentence nº C-355/06. Bogotá, 2006.

COOK, Rebecca J. Modern Day Inquisitions. University of Miami Law Review, Miami, vol. 65, n. 3, p. 767-796, 2011.

COOK Rebecca. Human Rights and Maternal Health: Exploring the Effectiveness of the Alyne Decision. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 103-123, vol. 41 n. 1, 2013. Available at: . Translated and published in “Direitos Humanos e Mortalidade Materna: Explorando a eficácia da decisão do Caso Alyne”. Interesse Público, vol. 86, p. 145-178, 2014. Available at: . Accessed on: 26 Mar. 2018.

COOK, Rebecca; DICKENS, Bernard; FATHALLA, Mahmoud F. Reproductive Health and Human Rights: Integrating Medicine, Ethics and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. 554 p. Translated and published in COOK, Rebecca; DICKENS, Bernard; FATHALLA, Mahmoud F. Saúde reprodutiva e direitos humanos: integrando medicina, ética e direito. Rio de Janeiro: CEPIA, 2004. 608 p.

COOK, Rebecca; HOWARD, Susannah. Accommodating Women’s Differences under the Women’s Anti-Discrimination Convention. Emory Law Journal, vol 56, n. 4, 1040-1092, 2007.

COOK, Rebecca; UNDURRAGA, Veronica, Article 12 [Health]. In FREEMAN, Marsha M.; CHINKIN, Christine; RUDOLF, Beate (Eds.), The UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 311-333.

CORRÊA, Sonia. Cruzando a linha vermelha: questões não resolvidas no debate sobre direitos sexuais. Horizontes antropológicos, Porto Alegre, vol. 12, n. 26, p. 101-121, jul./dez. 2006.

DINIZ, Debora; DIOS, Vanessa Canabarro; MASTRELLA, Miryam; MADEIRO, Alberto Pereira. A verdade do estupro nos serviços de aborto legal no Brasil. Revista Bioética, Brasília, vol. 22, n. 2, p. 291-298, maio/ago. 2014.

DINIZ, Debora; PENALVA, Janaína; FAÚNDES, Aníbal; ROSAS, Cristião. A magnitude do aborto por anencefalia: um estudo com médicos. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, vol. 14, n. 0, supl. 1, p. 1619-1624, set./out. 2009.

DINIZ, Debora; VELEZ, Ana Cristina Gonzalez. Abortion at the Supreme Court: the anencephaly case in Brazil. Revista Estudos Feministas, Florianópolis, 16, 2, p. 647-652, may/aug. 2008.

FINE, Johanna; MAYALL, Katherine; SEPÚLVEDA, Lilian. The Role of International Human Rights Norms in Liberalization of Abortion Laws Globally. Health and Human Rights Journal, vol 19, n. 1, p. 69-79, jun. 2017.

GRUPO DE INFORMACIÓN EN REPRODUCCIÓN ELEGIDA (GIRE). Constitutionality of Abortion Law in Mexico City. Mexico: GIRE, 2010. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

HÄBERLE, Peter. Hermenêutica Constitucional: A sociedade aberta dos intérpretes da Constituição: contribuição para a interpretação pluralista e “procedimental” da Constituição. Trad. Gilmar Ferreira Mendes. Porto Alegre: Sergio A. Fabris, 1997.

JACKSON, Vicki. Gender equality, interpretation and feminist pluralism. In IRVING, Helen (ed). Constitutions and Gender. Cheltenham: Elgar, 2017, p. 221-251.

LEMAITRE, Julieta. Catholic Constitutionalism on Sex, Women, and the Beginning of Life. In: COOK, Rebecca; ERDMAN, Joanna; DICKENS, Bernard (Eds.). Abortion Law in Transnational Perspective Cases and Controversies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, p. 239-257.

LUNA, Naara. Aborto no Congresso Nacional: o enfrentamento de atores religiosos e feministas em um Estado Laico, Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, vol. 14, 83-109, 2014.

MACHADO, Carolina Leme; FERNANDES, Arlete Maria dos Santos; OSIS, Maria José Duarte; MAKUCH, Maria Yolanda. Gravidez após violência sexual: vivências de mulheres em busca da interrupção legal. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, vol. 31, n. 2, p.345-353, fev. 2015.

MACHADO, Marta Rodriguez de Assis; MACIEL, Débora Alves. The Battle over Abortion Rights in Brazil’s State Arenas, 1995-2006. Health and Human Rights Journal, [S.l.] vol. 19, p. 119-131, jun. 2017.

MADRAZO, Carlos A. Más libres. Mexico City, Debate Feminista, 43, pp.192–198, apr.2011.

MENDES, Conrado Hübner. Constitutional courts and deliberative democracy. Oxford: Oxford University, 2013.

NOBRE, Marcos. Indeterminação e estabilidade. Os 20 anos da Constituição Federal e as tarefas da pesquisa em direito. Novos Estudos do CEBRAP, n. 82, nov. 2008.

NORTHERN IRELAND. High Court of Justice. NQIB 96. Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission Application for Judicial Review in the Matter of the Law on Termination of Pregnancy in Northern Ireland. 2015. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

NORTHERN IRELAND. Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. The Attorney General for Northern Ireland & Anor v The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, NICA nº 42. 29 June, 2017. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES. American Convention on Human Rights: (Pact of San José). Costa Rica, SAN JOSÉ, 1969.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES. Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women: Convention of Belém do Pará. Brasil: Belém do Pará, 1994. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

PITANGUY, Jacqueline (Ed.); ROMANI, Andrea; LAWRENCE, Helen; MELO, Maria Elvira Vieira de (Org.). Violence against women in the international context: challenges and responses. Rio de Janeiro: CEPIA, 2007.

PITANGUY, Jacqueline; GARBAYO, Luciana Sarmento. Relatório do Seminário a Implementação do Aborto Legal no Serviço Público de Saúde. Rio de Janeiro: Cepia - Cidadania, Estudo, Pesquisa, Informação, 1994.

PORTUGAL. Constitutional Court. Sentencia nº 75/2010. Lisboa, 23 feb. 2010.

ROCHA, Maria. A discussão política sobre o aborto no Brasil: uma síntese. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Popula- cionais. São Paulo, v. 23, n. 02, p. 369-374, jul./dez. 2006.

RODRIGUEZ, José Rodrigo. Como decidem as cortes? Para uma crítica do direito (brasileiro). Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV, 2013.

RUBIO-MARÍN, Ruth. In COOK, Rebecca J.; ERDMAN, Joanna N.; DICKENS, Bernard M. Abortion Law in Transnational Perspective: Cases and Controversies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, p. 36-54. Translated and published in RUBIO-MARÍN, Ruth. Aborto em Portugal: novas tendências no constitucionalismo europeu. Revista Direito GV, São Paulo, vol. 13, n. 1, p. 356-379, jan./abr. 2017.

RUIBAL, Alba. Social Movements and Constitutional Politics in Latin America: reconfiguring alliances, trainings and legal opportunities in the judicialization of abortion rights in Brazil. Contemporary Social Sciences, vol. 10. n. 4, p. 375-386, 2016.

SANGER, Carol. About Abortion. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2017.

SANTOS, Leonor Maria Pacheco; LECCA, Roberto Carlos Reyes; CORTEZ-ESCALANTE, Juan Jose, SANCHEZ, Mauro Niskier; RODRIGUES, Humberto Gabriel. Prevention of neural tube defects by the fortification of flour with folic acid: a population-based retrospective study in Brazil. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Geneva, vol. 94, n. 1, p.22-24, jan. 2016.

SIEGEL, Reva. Reasoning from the body: A historical perspective on abortion regulation and questions of equal protection. Stanford Law Review, Stanford, vol. 44, n.2, p. 261-381, jan. 1992.

SIEGEL, Reva. Constitutional culture, social movement conflict and constitutional change: The case of the De Facto Era. 2005-06. California Law Review, S.I., vol. 94, n. 5, p. 1323-1419, oct. 2006.

SIEGEL, Reva. The Constitutionalization of Abortion. In: COOK, Rebecca J.; ERDMAN, Joanna N.; DICKENS, Bernard M. (Eds.). Abortion Law in Transnational Perspective: Cases and Controversies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, p. 13-35.

SIEGEL, Reva. ProChoiceLife: Asking Who Protects Life and How -- and Why it Matters in Law and Politics. Indiana Law Journal, Bloomington, vol. 93, n. 1, p. 207-232, 2017-2018, Available at: . Accessed on: 28 Mar. 2018.

SILVA, José Afonso da. Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo. 33. ed. São Paulo: Malheiros, 2011, p. 258.

SILVA, Virgílio Afonso da. O proporcional e o razoável. Revista dos Tribunais, n. 798, p. 23-50, 2002. p. 23. Available at: . Accessed on: 1 Mar. 2018.

UNDURRAGA, Verónica. Proportionality in the constitutional review of abortion law. In: COOK, Rebecca J.; ERDMAN, Joanna N.; DICKENS, Bernard M. (Eds.). Abortion Law in Transnational Perspective: Cases and Controversies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, p. 77-97. Translated and published in UNDURRAGA, Verónica. O princípio da proporcionalidade no controle de constitucionalidade das leis sobre aborto, Revista Publicum, vol. 2, n.1, p.15-44, 2016. Available at: . Accessed Mar 28, 2018.

UNITED NATIONS, International Conference on Population and Development. Egypt: Cairo, 1994. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

UNITED NATIONS. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. China: Beijing, 1995. . Accessed on: 19. mar. 2018.

UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW). CEDAW General Recommendation nº 24: Article 12 of the Convention (Women and Heath). [s.l.], A/54/38/Rev.1, chap. I, 1999. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW). CEDAW General Recommendation nº 28: The Core Obligations of States Parties under Article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, forty-seventh session, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/GC/28, 2010. Available at: . Accessed March 26, 2018

UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW). Alyne vs. Brazil Views of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women under article 7, paragraph 3, of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. CEDAW/C/49/D/17/2008. [s.l.], 2011. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE ON THE ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN (CEDAW). Report of the inquiry concerning the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland under article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. [s.l.], 2018. . Accessed on: 19 July 2018.

UNITED NATIONS. HUMAN RIGHTS COMITTEE (HRC). KL v. Peru - Communication Nº 1153/2003. Peru, 2005. Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COMITTEE (HRC). Mellet v. Ireland Views Adopted by the Committee under article 5(4) of the Optional Protocol, Concerning Communication No. 2324/2013, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/116/D/2324/2013., 9 Jun. 2016. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COMITTEE (HRC). Whelan v. Ireland, Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2425/2014, CCPR/C/119/D/2425/2014. 12 Jun. 2017. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

UNITED STATES. Supreme Court. Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt. Decision nº 136 S. Ct. 2292 at 2315. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Constitution of the World Health Organization. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1946. . Accessed on: 21 Mar. 2018.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. The Neglected Tragedy of Stillbirths, 2015. Webpage: . Accessed on: 21 March 2018.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Safe abortion: Technical and policy guidance for health systems. 2 ed. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012. 1-134. . Accessed on: 19 Mar. 2018.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, et al. Trends in maternal mortality 1990 to 2015 Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division. Annex 7: Estimates of maternal mortality ratio (MMR, maternal deaths per 100 000 live births), number of maternal deaths, lifetime, risk, percentage of AIDS-related indirect maternal deaths and proportion of deaths among women of reproductive age that are due to maternal causes (PM), by country, 2015a. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015. p. 51. Available at : . Accessed on: 03 Apr. 2018.

WORLD MARCH OF WOMEN (Marcha Mundial Das Mulheres). Defending the legalization of abortion, the World March of Women arrives in Rio Grande do Sul in another stage of its IV International Action. 24 set. 2015. Available at: . Accessed on: 16 Mar. 2018.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rinc.v5i3.60973