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Nascimento e reconstrução da igualdade nos Estados Unidos

Alexander Tsesis

Resumo


Os Estados Unidos nasceram de uma aspiração normativa e política afirmada em sua declaração de independência. O documento não continha apenas uma lista de razões para acabar com a colonialização, mas estabeleceu a igualdade como ideal fundamental, que permaneceu incorporado ao ethos da nação e é central para a democracia representativa americana. Apesar das declarações normativas de direitos humanos, o status dos Estados Unidos foi profundamente manchado porque os autores da Constituição mantiveram proteções ao instituto da escravidão. Mas muitas outras anomalias legais e culturais também existiram desde o início da nação, incluindo a subjugação das mulheres e a retenção de privilégios apropriados como qualificação para votar e obter cargos políticos. As emendas feitas à Constituição após a Guerra Civil (1861-1865) avançaram significativamente o estado de direito, mas simultaneamente exigiram maior sinceridade ao cumprir o testamento fundador. A reconstrução nos Estados Unidos foi alcançada por meio de emenda da Constituição original, em vez de promulgação de um novo documento. A ratificação dos três novos instrumentos legais, conhecidos como Emendas da Reconstrução, codificou a declaração de direitos e igualdade da Declaração. Só a liberdade não era resposta para o problema da escravidão. As emendas pós-Guerra Civil também proibiram o tratamento desigual de pessoas e criaram novas garantias quanto ao direito de voto. O judiciário, responsável por interpretar as novas disposições constitucionais, mostrou-se uma instituição conservadora que controlou a reconstrução e, com isso, diminuiu o efeito das novas garantias de igualdade.


Palavras-chave


Declaração de independência. Igualdade. Reconstrução. Interferência judicial.

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Referências


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rfdufpr.v64i3.72128