DISCRIMINAÇÃO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE Pinus sp. EM REGENERAÇÃO NATURAL COM IMAGENS MULTIESPECTRAIS DE UAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5380/biofix.v11i1.105508Resumo
O gênero Pinus responde por parcela significativa das plantações florestais no mundo, mas sua expansão fora das áreas de plantio
ameaça a biodiversidade em unidades de conservação, e o monitoramento convencional desses focos é oneroso e de baixa
cobertura espacial. Estudos de mapeamento por UAS costumam avaliar apenas o resultado da classificação, sem relacioná-lo à
separabilidade espectral entre as classes. Partiu-se da hipótese de que a resposta espectral de Pinus e de folhosas difere nas
bandas de um sensor multiespectral embarcado em UAS de modo suficiente para sustentar a classificação automatizada. O
objetivo foi caracterizar a assinatura espectral dos dois grupos e classificar Pinus sp. em área de regeneração natural na Fazenda
Experimental do Canguiri, Pinhais, Paraná (11,14 ha), com imagens do drone DJI Mavic 3M. Foram extraídas 465 amostras de
Pinus e 415 de folhosas por banda, além de 1.354 amostras para classificação por Random Forest em cinco classes. As folhosas
apresentaram valores digitais superiores no visível e o Pinus predominou no infravermelho próximo; a borda do vermelho
apresentou médias coincidentes. A distância de Jeffries-Matusita indicou que nenhuma banda, isoladamente, separa os grupos.
A classificação alcançou acurácia global de 92,8%, Kappa de 0,892 e F-score de 0,856 para Pinus sp., que ocupou 1,187 ha (10,66%
da área). O estudo mostra que o desempenho decorre da combinação multivariada de variáveis, e não do contraste em bandas
isoladas, contribuindo com uma medida formal de separabilidade pouco explorada nesse tipo de aplicação e com evidências
sobre o papel do NDRE sob baixa separabilidade espectral.
Referências
ABDOLLAHNEJAD, A.; PANAGIOTIDIS, D. Tree species classification and health status assessment for a mixed broadleaf-conifer forest with UAS multispectral imaging. Remote Sensing, v.12, n.22, p.3722, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12223722
AL-SHAMMARI, D. et al. Assessment of red-edge based vegetation indices for crop yield prediction at the field scale across large regions in Australia. European Journal of Agronomy, v.164, p.127479, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127479
ALVARES, C.A. et al. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, v.22, n.6, p.711-728, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507
APOSTOL, B. et al. Species discrimination and individual tree detection for predicting main dendrometric characteristics in mixed temperate forests by use of airborne laser scanning and ultra-high-resolution imagery. Science of The Total Environment, v.698, p.134074, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134074
ATAÍDE, M.V.R. et al. Monitoring invasive exotic grass species in ecological restoration areas of the Brazilian savanna using UAV images. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, v.36, p.101328, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101328
ATHERTON, J. et al. Spatial variation of leaf optical properties in a boreal forest is influenced by species and light environment. Frontiers in Plant Science, v.8, p.309, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00309
BRAVO-VARGAS, V. et al. Do people care about pine invasions? Visitor perceptions and willingness to pay for pine control in a protected area. Journal of Environmental Management, v.229, p.57-66, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.07.018
COLE, B. et al. Spectral monitoring of moorland plant phenology to identify a temporal window for hyperspectral remote sensing of peatland. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, v.90, p.49-58, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.01.010
DAMIANI, M.L.; BRANCATELLI, G.I.E.; ZALBA, S.M. Detection of potential plant invaders and prevention priorities for a nature reserve in the Southern Pampas, Argentina. Journal for Nature Conservation, v.87, p.127006, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127006
DI GENNARO, S.F. et al. Spectral comparison of UAV-based hyper and multispectral cameras for precision viticulture. Remote Sensing, v.14, n.3, p.449, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030449
EITEL, J.U. et al. Broadband, red-edge information from satellites improves early stress detection in a New Mexico conifer woodland. Remote Sensing of Environment, v.115, n.12, p.3640-3646, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.002
FERREIRA, G.A. et al. Solution for diagnostics of biological invasion in terrestrial ecosystems: how can deep learning help biodiversity conservation? Journal for Nature Conservation, v.89, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127066
FIGUEIREDO, A.L.C.B. et al. Baseline data and recommendations to decrease the introduction and spread of invasive non-native species in federal and state protected areas in Brazil. Biological Invasions, v.26, p.4283-4299, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03446-8
GONÇALVES, V.P.; RIBEIRO, E.A.W.; IMAI, N.N. Mapping areas invaded by Pinus sp. from Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) applied on RPAS (drone) color images. Remote Sensing, v.14, n.12, p.2805, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122805
IBÁ. Relatório IBÁ 2025: ano base 2024. Brasília: Indústria Brasileira de Árvores, 2025.
IBGE. Manual técnico da vegetação brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 1992.
LEAL-MEDINA, C. et al. Post-fire Pinus radiata invasion in a threatened biodiversity hotspot forest: a multi-scale remote sensing assessment. Forest Ecology and Management, v.561, p.121861, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121861
LUAN, Q. et al. Estimating canopy chlorophyll in slash pine using multitemporal vegetation indices from uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). Precision Agriculture, v.25, n.2, p.1086-1105, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10106-9
MOURA, M.M. et al. Towards Amazon forest restoration: automatic detection of species from UAV imagery. Remote Sensing, v.13, n.13, p.2627, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132627
MUSUNGU, K. et al. Using UAV multispectral photography to discriminate plant species in a seep wetland of the Fynbos Biome. Wetlands Ecology and Management, v.32, n.2, p.207-227, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-023-09971-y
NEUWIRTHOVÁ, E.; LHOTÁKOVÁ, Z.; ALBRECHTOVÁ, J. The effect DI GENNARO, S.F. et al. Spectral comparison of UAV-based hyper and multispectral cameras for precision viticulture. Remote Sensing, v.14, n.3, p.449, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030449
EITEL, J.U. et al. Broadband, red-edge information from satellites improves early stress detection in a New Mexico conifer woodland. Remote Sensing of Environment, v.115, n.12, p.3640-3646, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.002
FERREIRA, G.A. et al. Solution for diagnostics of biological invasion in terrestrial ecosystems: how can deep learning help biodiversity conservation? Journal for Nature Conservation, v.89, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127066
FIGUEIREDO, A.L.C.B. et al. Baseline data and recommendations to decrease the introduction and spread of invasive non-native species in federal and state protected areas in Brazil. Biological Invasions, v.26, p.4283-4299, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03446-8
GONÇALVES, V.P.; RIBEIRO, E.A.W.; IMAI, N.N. Mapping areas invaded by Pinus sp. from Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) applied on RPAS (drone) color images. Remote Sensing, v.14, n.12, p.2805, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122805
IBÁ. Relatório IBÁ 2025: ano base 2024. Brasília: Indústria Brasileira de Árvores, 2025.
IBGE. Manual técnico da vegetação brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 1992.
LEAL-MEDINA, C. et al. Post-fire Pinus radiata invasion in a threatened biodiversity hotspot forest: a multi-scale remote sensing assessment. Forest Ecology and Management, v.561, p.121861, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121861
LUAN, Q. et al. Estimating canopy chlorophyll in slash pine using multitemporal vegetation indices from uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). Precision Agriculture, v.25, n.2, p.1086-1105, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10106-9
MOURA, M.M. et al. Towards Amazon forest restoration: automatic detection of species from UAV imagery. Remote Sensing, v.13, n.13, p.2627, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132627
MUSUNGU, K. et al. Using UAV multispectral photography to discriminate plant species in a seep wetland of the Fynbos Biome. Wetlands Ecology and Management, v.32, n.2, p.207-227, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-023-09971-y
NEUWIRTHOVÁ, E.; LHOTÁKOVÁ, Z.; ALBRECHTOVÁ, J. The effect DI GENNARO, S.F. et al. Spectral comparison of UAV-based hyper and multispectral cameras for precision viticulture. Remote Sensing, v.14, n.3, p.449, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030449
EITEL, J.U. et al. Broadband, red-edge information from satellites improves early stress detection in a New Mexico conifer woodland. Remote Sensing of Environment, v.115, n.12, p.3640-3646, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.09.002
FERREIRA, G.A. et al. Solution for diagnostics of biological invasion in terrestrial ecosystems: how can deep learning help biodiversity conservation? Journal for Nature Conservation, v.89, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127066
FIGUEIREDO, A.L.C.B. et al. Baseline data and recommendations to decrease the introduction and spread of invasive non-native species in federal and state protected areas in Brazil. Biological Invasions, v.26, p.4283-4299, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03446-8
GONÇALVES, V.P.; RIBEIRO, E.A.W.; IMAI, N.N. Mapping areas invaded by Pinus sp. from Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) applied on RPAS (drone) color images. Remote Sensing, v.14, n.12, p.2805, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14122805
IBÁ. Relatório IBÁ 2025: ano base 2024. Brasília: Indústria Brasileira de Árvores, 2025.
IBGE. Manual técnico da vegetação brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, 1992.
LEAL-MEDINA, C. et al. Post-fire Pinus radiata invasion in a threatened biodiversity hotspot forest: a multi-scale remote sensing assessment. Forest Ecology and Management, v.561, p.121861, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.121861
LUAN, Q. et al. Estimating canopy chlorophyll in slash pine using multitemporal vegetation indices from uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). Precision Agriculture, v.25, n.2, p.1086-1105, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-023-10106-9
MOURA, M.M. et al. Towards Amazon forest restoration: automatic detection of species from UAV imagery. Remote Sensing, v.13, n.13, p.2627, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13132627
MUSUNGU, K. et al. Using UAV multispectral photography to discriminate plant species in a seep wetland of the Fynbos Biome. Wetlands Ecology and Management, v.32, n.2, p.207-227, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-023-09971-y
NEUWIRTHOVÁ, E.; LHOTÁKOVÁ, Z.; ALBRECHTOVÁ, J. The effect of leaf stacking on leaf reflectance and vegetation indices measured by contact probe during the season. Sensors, v.17, n.6, p.1202, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17061202
PARANÁ. Decreto nº 7.854, de 6 de novembro de 2024. Diário Oficial do Estado do Paraná, n.11783, Curitiba, 2024.
RAUTIAINEN, M. et al. Spectral properties of coniferous forests: a review of in situ and laboratory measurements. Remote Sensing, v.10, n.2, p.207, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020207
SHIBAYAMA, M. et al. Detecting phenophases of subarctic shrub canopies by using automated reflectance measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment, v.67, n.2, p.160-180, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00082-0
SIMEPAR – SISTEMA DE TECNOLOGIA E MONITORAMENTO AMBIENTAL DO PARANÁ. Gráficos da Estação [Pinhais]. [Curitiba]: SIMEPAR, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.simepar.org/simepar/dados_estacoes/. Acesso em: 30/07/2026
VARNAGIRYTĖ-KABAŠINSKIENĖ, I.; SURVILA, G. Evaluation of aboveground biomass, carbon, and nutrient allocation in Pinus sylvestris stands following deep soil ploughing. Journal of Forestry Research, v.36, n.1, p.73, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-025-01874-3
XU, K.; YE, H. Light scattering in stacked mesophyll cells results in similarity characteristic of solar spectral reflectance and transmittance of natural leaves. Scientific Reports, v.13, p.4694, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31718-1
XU, Z. et al. Tree species classification using UAS-based digital aerial photogrammetry point clouds and multispectral imageries in subtropical natural forests. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, v.92, p.102173, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2020.102173
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Jordan Luis Campos Modesto Pereira, Caio Cesar Moraes Brandelik, Daniel Zambiazzi Miller, Faiman Orlando da Silva, Lénia Francisco Matsinhe, Ana Paula Dalla Corte

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution (CC Atribuição 4.0) que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.
- Authors maintain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC Attribution 4.0) that allows the sharing of work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to take additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg publish in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes as well as increase the impact and citation of the published work.


















