PERFORMANCE OF SPECIES Mabea fistulifera AND Eucalyptus urograndis WITH USE OF CELLULOSE RESIDUE IN DEGRADED AREAS

The planting of forest species contributes to the recovery of degraded areas, and the use of industrial waste can favor this process. However, there is still little information on this aspect in Cerrado. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of seedlings of the native species Mabea fistulifera Mart. and of the exotic hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis , under fertilization with residue of the industrial production of cellulose, in monospecific plantations in degraded area. Fertilization treatments, applied in the planting line, were three doses of the residue (10, 15 and 20 Mg ha -1 ); conventional mineral fertilizer (NPK); absence of fertilization (control). The experimental design was a randomized block design, with a portion of subdivided parts: species in the portions (15 m x 60 m, n = 4 / species) and treatments in the subportions (15 m x 12 m, n = 1 / treatment / portion) total of 18 plants in each subplot. Survival rate and growth attributes (height, crown diameter, stem diameter at ground level) were evaluated for two consecutive years. The largest increases in seedling survival and growth of both species were provided by mineral fertilization, followed by the 10 Mg ha -1 dose of the residue, which should be the recommended.


INTRODUCTION
The Cerrado is located in the central portion of Brazil, in parts of the Federal District and the states of Bahia, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Piauí, São Paulo, and Tocantins, it has approximately 2,036,448 km 2 , which is equivalent to about 22% of the national territory (SANO et al., 2008).This biome is the most diverse tropical savanna in the world (MENDONÇA et al., 2008), and due to its high endemism and only 20% of its original extension, it is internationally recognized as one of 25 hotspots for the conservation (MYERS et al., 2000).The main causes of its devastation are the implantation of cultivated pastures and agricultural crops, as well as mining and urbanization activities (SANO et al., 2008).This panorama demonstrates the importance of its preservation and conservation, which involves the creation of areas of protection, recovery and connection between the remaining areas.
The classical concept of "recovery" refers to the establishment of a new dynamic balance, with the development of a new soil and new landscape, in a degraded area (IBAMA, 1990).This term, which is very general, can cover the concept of "rehabilitation", which refers to the taking of measures or treatments aimed at recovering elements of the structure or ecological functioning of the ecosystem before its degradation, without necessarily reaching its original state (ENGEL;PARROTTA, 2003).According to the aforementioned authors, the term "restoration", which is also included within the recovery, aims at implanting treatments with a focus on restoring structure, dynamics and biological interactions as close as possible to what occurred in the original ecosystem, so that the area becomes self-sustaining at long term.
The planting of forest species is a practice aimed at recovering physical, chemical and biological attributes of degraded soils (ROCHA et al., 2016).In fact, some pioneering and rustic native or exotic species are able to survive in areas where the soil has been degraded (MARQUES et al., 2014).These plants are configured as facilitators of the regeneration of deforested ecosystems, in cases where such dynamics would probably not occur without human intervention (FERREIRA et al., 2010).This occurs because the litter produced is capable of protecting the soil from erosion (LI et al., 2014), as well as being responsible for the input of organic matter and nutrients to the soil, which will consequently be made available to the plants (HÜLLER, et al., 2009).
However, there is variation even among native species as to the effective facilitating role of natural regeneration, as verified in areas of Cerrado (MELO et al., 2015).In addition, the planting of certain exotic forest species, such as eucalyptus, for example, may favor the natural regeneration of native species of this biome (SOARES, NUNES, 2013).This pattern is more frequent in Cerrado, due to the capacity of regrowth of the native species, which is fundamental to the regeneration of the plants in the sub-woods of the forest plantations (VIANI et al., 2010).
With respect to tropical forest communities, such as the Atlantic Forest, eucalyptus plantations may not favor the regeneration of native species (EVARISTO et al., 1669(EVARISTO et al., , 2011)).According to an extensive review of the effect of exotic forest species plantations on the natural regeneration of Brazilian flora, this is due to the fact that the preservation of seed rain and the seed bank is more important in these ecosystems, when compared to areas of Cerrado (VIANI et al., 2010).
In programs for the recovery of degraded areas, it is important to investigate the growth potential of seedlings, both for the native species that make up the highly diverse Brazilian flora and for exotic species due to the incipient knowledge around the subject (CALDEIRA et al., 2013).In this context, it is included the studies focusing on the effect of different industrial residues on the survival and growth of seedlings of forest species in plantations in degraded areas.This practice encourages the adequate disposal of waste, such as those from cellulose and paper production, which contributes to minimizing the environmental liabilities of industries.These residues are formed by a nutrient-rich organic compound which is an alternative for the use of mineral fertilizers, which allows the cost of planting to be reduced (ARRUDA et al., 2011).
This measure may favor the recognition and adherence of different segments of Brazilian society to this purpose.Thus, even representatives of agricultural production sectors can benefit from the ecological services provided by forest species, with the potential of facilitating natural regeneration and promoting the recovery or improvement of the chemical-physical quality of the soil.This approach is especially important in the case of the Cerrado biome, where there is little existing information on the recovery of degraded areas with the planting of native forest species (SILVA et al., 2012) or exotic ones (VIANI et al., 2010), especially in the case of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, whose remaining natural vegetation cover index was strongly diminished and currently is estimated to be of the order of only 32% of its original area (SANO et al., 2008).
The present study aimed at evaluating the performance of seedlings of Mabea fistulifera Mart., a native species of Cerrado, and the exotic hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis, under fertilization with residue of the industrial production of cellulose, in monospecific plantations in degraded area in Selvíria, MS.For such, a hypothesis was tested: the increasing of the dose of fertilization with the industrial residue of cellulose production favors the growth and survival of seedlings of both species, Mabea fistulifera and Eucalyptus urograndis, in comparison with the conventional mineral fertilization.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experimental campus of Ilha Solteira at Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) is located in Selvíria, MS, under the geographical coordinates of 51°22' west longitude of Greenwich and 20°22' south latitude.The climate is type Aw (humid tropical climate, with rainy season in the summer and drought in the winter) (ALVARES et al., 2013).The average annual rainfall is 1,370 mm, with the rainy season between October and March, and the dry period between June and August.The annual average temperature is 23.5°C, and the annual average of relative humidity is between 70 and 80%.The soil is classified as Red Distrophic Latosol, where the relief varies from mild to flat, and the original vegetation belonging to the Cerrado biome.
In the area, there was removal of the soil layer with a thickness of approximately 8.60 m in the year of 1969.After the extraction of this material, which was used in the earthmoving and foundation of the Ilha Solteira Hydroelectric Plant, SP, Brazil (ALVES; SOUZA, 2011), the remaining horizon B was exposed.
For the present study, seedlings of the species Mabea fistulifera (strawberry) and of the hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis (eucalyptus) were selected, which was obtained by the crossing between the exotic species Eucalyptus  (CHRISTO et al., 2009;KUNZ et al., 2009).Seedlings of Mabea fistulifera were produced from seeds, while seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis were obtained from clone "h-17".
The preparation of the experimental area consisted in the mechanical decompression of the soil, by means of cross-subsoiling up to the layer of 0,40 m and leveling of the ground by means of light harrowing in December 2009.In February 2010, another subsoiling was carried out up to the 0.50 m layer, in the planting line.Next, four blocks, 32 m wide by 60 m long (1,920 m 2 , each), were delineated in the area.Each block was constituted of two plots of 15 m x 60 m (900 m 2 each), which were spaced between each other by 2 m.Each parcel, which was destined to an individual forest species, was subdivided into five subplots of 15 m x 12 m (180 m 2 , each), for the application of a different treatment by subplot.Therefore, the experimental design used was randomized blocks in a subdivided plot scheme.
In February 2010, 200 seedlings of each species were planted in their respective plot within each block.In this way, 40 seedlings were planted per subplot (treatment) for each species.The planting spacing in the monospecific plantations was 3.0 m x 1.5 m (between lines x line), with 2 m dividers between the main plots and 3 m between the blocks, which totaled 230 m 2 per block.Only the three central rows in each treatment were considered as useful, in which 18 seedlings were distributed, leaving the edges as border.Thus, the study contemplated data collection in four repetitions (subplots) per treatment, in a total of 72 seedlings of each species per treatment.In each subplot, five types of fertilizer were distributed manually in the planting line, in February 2010, whose incorporation to the soil was made by light harrowing, which constituted the fertilization treatments tested (Table 1).
On November 04, 2010, nine months after the planting of the seedlings, a large infestation of the defoliant beetle Costalimaia ferruginea fulgata Lef.occurred in the eucalyptus planting, whose control was carried out the following day (05 / november 2010) with the application of agricultural detergent based on Deltrametrin (concentration of 200 mL 100 L -1 ha -1 ).Despite this, many plants presented perforated and / or laced leaves and there were losses of some seedlings, regardless of the fertilization treatment.The treatment D0 of the fourth block was totally decimated and, therefore, for this treatment, three replications were worked out in the eucalyptus planting.In the planting of Mabea fistulifera, flooding of the first block in the D0 treatment has occurred at the same season, which caused the death of plants present there.For this treatment, we also worked with three replicates.
The results were analyzed by analysis of variance and Skott-Knott's test for the comparisons of averages (p <0.05) with the SISVAR program (FERREIRA, 2011).The hierarchical grouping analysis, in which the Bray-Curtis distance was considered by the single linkage method, was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the similarity between treatments within each species individually.In addition, it was also carried out the analysis of the principal components, in order to evaluate the correlation between the attributes analyzed and the treatments within each individual forest species.Both multivariate analyzes were performed using the PAST program version 2.17c, in which the average values of the attributes, calculated between years 1 and 2, were considered.

RESULTS
According to the data set, it was not corroborated the hypothesis that the steady increase of the dose of fertilization with the industrial residue of cellulose production favors the growth and the survival of seedlings of both species Mabea fistulifera and Eucalyptus urograndis compared to conventional mineral fertilization in an area degraded by the soil loan.In relation to the seedlings of Mabea fistulifera, in year 1, the average values of survival (SUR), total height (TH), crown diameter (CD), and stem diameter at ground level (DGL) ranged from 84.72% (DAM) to 97.22% (D20); from 1.15 m (D20) to 1.68 m (DAM); from 0.95 m (D20) to 1.60 m (DAM); and from 16.96 mm (D20) to 29.71 mm (DAM), respectively (Table 4).In the year 2, this same species presented average values of SUR, TH, CD, and DGL that varied between 74,30% (D10) and 93.05% (D20); between 1,97 m (D20) and 2,55 m (D10); between 1,81 m (D20) and 2,53 m (DAM); between 32,58 mm (D20) and 48,58 mm (DAM), respectively.
As for the SUR variable of Mabea fistulifera seedlings, there were no significant differences between treatments (p = 0.0523, year 1, p = 0.5053, year 2) (Table 4).However, the treatments varied among each other with respect to the effect on the SUR of Eucalyptus urograndis seedlings (p = 0.0001, year 1; p = 0.0005, year 2).
In general, DAM influenced higher values of survival and growth attributes than the other treatments, for seedlings of both forest species (Table 4).This pattern of response to DAM treatment was identified for seedlings of Mabea fistulifera (highest mean values of TH, CD, and DGL) in year 1, and for seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis (highest average values of SUR, TH, CD and DGL) in both years 1 and 2. The D0 treatment resulted in lower averages of TH and DGL in seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis in year 1, in relation to the other treatments.
When comparing the effect of the different doses of industrial pulp residue among themselves, the lowest dose (D10) influenced more expressive increases for SUR and CD (both in year 1), and also TH (year 2), for seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis (Table 4).With respect to the seedlings of Mabea fistulifera, the intermediate dose (D15) influenced higher increases of CD (year 1), in relation to the other doses of the industrial residue (D10 and D20), which did not differentiate from each other.
The Figure 1a, which was constructed according to the survival and growth attributes of seedlings of Mabea fistulifera, showed the individualization of the treatments tested in two large groups: one represented only by D20, and another one formed by the union of D0, D10, D15, and DAM.However, the latter group was subdivided into two subgroups: the individualization of DAM from the another subgroup formed by the union of D0, D10, and D15.Within this subgroup, there was a high similarity between D0 and D15 (lower binding distance) in comparison with D10.Regarding the influence of the treatments on the seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis, Figure 1b indicated the formation of two large groups: one represented only by DAM, while the other was formed by the D0, D10, D15, and D20 (Figure 1b).The latter group, in turn, was separated into two subgroups, in which the individualization of D20 was verified, while the other subgroup was represented by the D0, D10, and D15 reunion.And, within this subgroup, the similarity between D10 and D15 (lower binding distance) was higher, in comparison with D0.
In Figure 2, the eigenvectors, or arrows, represent the attributes analyzed within each monospecific planting and the points represent the treatments.The analysis of the main components explained 95.05% of the variability of the data, and showed the separation among the treatments, through the relation between the main component 1 (axis 1) and the main component 2 (axis 2).Regarding the axis 1, whose eigenvalue corresponded to 82.95%, D10 and DAM were located in the right portion (positive values).The eigenvalue of each axis consists of its relative contribution to explain the total variance of the data.However, the other three presented a contrasting pattern, since they were grouped in the left portion of axis 1 (negative values), in comparison with D0, D15, and D20.In relation to axis 2, which explained 12.10% (eigenvalue of the axis) of the data variability, there was a separation of DAM and D20, which were located in the upper portion (positive values), from D0, D15, and D20, which were grouped in the lower portion (negative values) (Figure 2).Practically all eigenvectors pointed to the right side, considering axis 1.This demonstrated that the attributes studied for the two forest species correlated with DAM (DGL for Mabea fistulifera, and TT, CD, and DGL for Eucalyptus urograndis) or D10 (HT and CD for Mabea fistulifera, and SUR for Eucalyptus urograndis).Only the eigenvector for SUR for Mabea fistulifera pointed to the left side, on axis 1, in the direction of D20.Thus, this variable showed correlation with the treatment.No attributes evaluated for the seedlings of forest species correlated with D0 or D15.
According to Table 5, all the attributes of the two forest species presented high values of eigenvector (≥ 0.70) in one of the components (main axisaxis 1 or 2), which were positive.The eigenvector, that varies from -1 to +1, is the value that corresponds to the weight of each variable in each of the axisaxis, which is considered as a correlation coefficient.Thus, based on axis 1, which is the one that represents the direction of greatest possible variation, the DGL and TH attributes were the most representative (highest values of eigenvectors) for the seedlings of Mabea fistulifera.In the case of the seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis, the most representative attributes were CD and SUR.

DISCUSSION
The DAM treatment was considered superior in relation to the treatments in which the cellulose residue was applied, since it provided an increase in the survival and growth attributes of the seedlings of Mabea fistulifera and Eucalyptus urograndis.However, in the DAM treatment, the availability of the macronutrients Ca, Mg, K, and P were lower in the soil solution.It is believed that the elevation of soil pH to near neutrality or alkaline values in the treatments where the cellulose residue was applied also has reduced the availability of micronutrients, such as Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn (SOUZA et al., 2007).This, in turn, negatively affected the growth of the seedlings of both species in the treatments D10, D15, and D20 when compared to AMD.The residue of the pulp and paper industry is naturally alkaline, as reported in this study.Therefore, this residue, which presents a high concentration of NaOH and CaOH in its composition, is considered to be more efficient than limestone, in the increasing of the pH of the soil solution (MEDEIROS et al., 2009).
In the present study, we verified that the lower dose (D10) provided an increase in the survival and growth of the seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis, among the other doses of industrial pulp residue.Therefore, such a practice should be encouraged, even because it is economically advantageous.Arruda et al. (2011) indicated that the use of 10 Mg ha -1 of the industrial pulp residue presented the lowest total cost (R$ 4,267.86ha -1 ), considering the costs of obtaining and applying this dose in a planting of Eucalyptus urograndis, when compared to the doses of 15 and 20 Mg ha -1 (the costs were of R$ 4,879.90ha -1 and R$ 5,472.33 ha -1 , respectively).
In the production of seedlings of Eucalyptus urograndis in tubers under nursery conditions, Toledo et al. (2015) observed that the intermediate doses of the industrial waste of cellulose (60% and 80%) used in the substrate formulation, promoted higher increases in the growth of the plants (height, diameter of the colon, dry matter of both shoot and root), in relation to the absence of residue (0%), the lowest doses (20% and 40%) and the highest dose (100%).Silva et al. (2008) applied several fertilizer treatments in the planting line of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings in Itatinga, SP, Brazil, and verified that after 36 months there were no significant differences between conventional mineral fertilization and the different doses (5, 10, 20 or 30 t) of sewage sludge (wet or dry), supplemented with the addition of potassium and boron, in relation to plant height.However, the effect of these treatments was higher than the control, which was statistically equal to the effect of application of 10 t of moist sewage sludge and without the addition of potassium and boron.In this way, the authors verified that these nutrients have to be complemented when the sewage sludge is applied, since this fertilizer presents low contents of them, in order to guarantee the greater growth of the plants, independently of the dose of sludge, no matter if it is applied wet or dry.
The multivariate analysis of hierarchical grouping emphasized that the DAM treatment promoted the best performance of the seedlings for both species studied, followed by the D10 treatment.All the analyzed attributes were important for the multivariate principal component analysis, which demonstrated that the DAM and D10 treatments influenced similar responses for the seedlings of both species.
The survival rate and seedling growth of Eucalyptus urograndis was considered adequate.This demonstrated that the tested hybrid had a good adaptation to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the study area, although the eucalyptus seedlings had undergone severe attack of the leafhopper beetle Costalimaita ferrugineavulgata, as previously informed.In degraded areas of Cerrado, due to the occurrence of soil erosion processes in Uberlândia / MG, Silva et al (2011) verified that the survival and growth of different forest species occurs independently of the fact of being exotic or native when planted under the same soil and climatic conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
• The conventional mineral fertilization with NPK (DAM treatment) provided higher values of survival and growth attributes for seedlings of the forest native species Mabea fistulifera and the exotic hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis in monospecific plantations in an area degraded by the loan of soil in Cerrado, when compared to the different doses of industrial waste obtained from the production of cellulose (organic compound).This result was probably influenced by the lower availability of micronutrients in the soil solution due to the alkaline pH in the treatments in which the cellulose residue was applied, regardless of the dose.• When comparing the different doses of the industrial waste from the cellulose production, the dose of 10 Mg ha -1 was the most adequate for the acquisition of higher survival and growth of seedlings of the forest native species Mabea fistulifera and the exotic hybrid Eucalyptus urograndis, in monospecific plantations under the studied field conditions.
Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill.ex.Maiden.Mabea fistulifera is a pioneer species, characteristic of secondary vegetation of sandy soils, which occurs naturally in the Cerrado Biome and Atlantic Rainforest

Table 2 .
Mean values of the chemical attributes of the industrial residue of cellulose production.Tabela 2. Valores médios dos atributos químicos do resíduo industrial da produção de celulose.
Means followed by distinct letters (in the comparison between fertilization treatments, within the same species), differed by the Skott-Knott test (p <0.05).SB: sum of bases; CEC: cation exchange capacity.